Studying Abroad VS Locally Essay Example for Free

Studying Abroad VS Locally EssayWill the deflexion choose a huge impact on career path?FOR a very long time, strikeing foreign was an option purely for the deep-pocketed elite. Apart from the equal factor, m any(prenominal) families chose to send their kids overseas because of the cultural wealth and better job prospects that came with it. Fast forward to today, many still choose to send their children overseas to plight their education. Thanks to rising affluence, more families are able to send their kids abroad. But are the benefits of studying some thousands of miles away versus just down the street so drastic that its really going to feign a huge impact on ones career path?Studying abroadThe main outlet to consider when studying abroad is that it requires more financial support and planning. Lee, a 30-year old information technology graduate from the United States admits that the biggest issue about studying overseas is the follow. Studying overseas can be really ex pensive. Accommodation and food is denominated in a currency thats belike higher than ours. Furthermore, most countries do not allow foreign students to work, so you need to pick up money before you arrive in the country or have someone from home supporting you. However, having a foreign qualification helps to make your resume stand out compared with the rest, he says.Dinesh Kanavaji, 31, is a practising lawyer in Malaysia who studied law in Britain in the late 90s. His two-year course cost him about 15,000 a year or about RM90,000 annually granted the high exchange rate at the time. At the time, the tuition fees cost about 10,000 annually. Accommodation and food cost about 4,000 or so, this of course, provided that you lived at a campus hostel rather than elsewhere. Ultimately, it was a character-building experience, having to be able to live, cook and travel on your own, he says, adding that studying abroad in like manner provides a unique chance for language and cultural imm ersion.Dinesh also feels that the standard of education offered overseas is higher. The standard is higher over in that respect. The lecturers are experienced and well trained, comprising doctors and professors that have written a few books. Many of the lecturers locally are quite young. He also says the education in Malaysia (as far as law was concerned) was very academically-driven. In Britain, they make you work andfigure things out for yourself, creating a heightened level of maturity.Studying locallyDineshs wife Melissa Ram, 32, studied her Bachelor of Jurisprudence degree in law entirely in Malaysia and is quick to admit the cost benefits of studying locally. Compared with Dinesh, her four-year course (plus one year of A-Levels) cost just RM20,000. It probably would have cost me three times more if I had studied overseas. Also, you dont have to worry about getting home-sick and can meet up with your friends any time, she says. Melissa however admits that the level of educatio n in Malaysia (especially in law) was not up to par with the standard offered overseas. I participated in a legal workshop that was conducted by solicitors from London and could immediately feel that the quality of their training was far superior.She says law degree graduates in Britain that studied for the bar exam (which qualifies a mortal to practice law) were subjected to hands-on training while the Malaysian equivalent of the bar, the CLP (Certificate in Legal Practice), is purely academic in nature. Those who do get the opportunity to study overseas should go, Melissa says. Chan, 29, a local engineering graduate, says studying locally provided him with flexibility to do whatever he wanted during semester breaks. During your semester breaks, you can find vertical temporary employment at places such as McDonalds or a shopping complex for instance without the need to worry about work permits or the language. He adds that food is also cheap and abundant in Malaysia compared wit h many other countries.Who do the employers prefer?Malaysian Employers Federation executive director Shamsudin Bardan says there is generally a appreciation for foreign graduates by employers. Its because foreign graduates are more proficient in English and have better view skills. They are more mature and independent than local graduates. In terms of qualification or technical ability, theres not much difference (with local graduates). However, when it comes to soft skills, foreign graduates have the advantage, he says. A spokesman from the Malaysian Institute of Human Resource Management also concurs that there is a preference for foreign graduates. Multinationals, especially, are more keen to hire foreign graduates because they carry themselves better.They speak well andwith confidence during the interview. Local graduates (who are more weak in terms of soft skills) dont express themselves well enough in front of the interviewer, who would think that the interviewee is just not prepared for the job. He also says that there is a general perception that the standard of Malaysian education is more inferior when compared to the standards in other countries. A lot of people have criticised the standard of our education, which has clouded the minds the way that employers think. The environment has to change. People and politicians should change this perception.

Hobbes` Rwandan Leviathan Essay Example for Free

Hobbes Rwandan Leviathan EssayIn 1994 the world publicity was shaken by the howeverts in Rwanda, which afterward were written down in the history books as Rwanda crisis. According to the local sources, however, this tragedy had been rooted long before the indicated year, particularly it is reported to start in 1990. 1990 is marked by Uganda forces having invaded Rwanda. In addition, this was aggravated by the fact that two presidents of Burundi were assassinated.In disposition to get the more complete outlook on the military post before the crisis one should be aware that in 1994 (before the black day of the President of Rwanda, Habyarimana, killing) there were one million of displaced spate in Rwanda forever fleeing from the north of the country to the capital Kigali (1, 2006). Hence, to accommodate for every(prenominal) this vast mass a very huge refugee camp had been organized. After their President was killed these masses rushed to the city to grab everything they co uld.As a result there were more than 300 000 deaths between 1990 and 1994, which prevents us from limiting the crisis to the year of 1994 wholly (1, 2006). besides this was only a preface. In brief, the Rwanda crisis can be described as follows The lives of nearly a million people had been taken within 100 days in 1994, as extremist members of the Hutu majority turned on the Tutsi minority and moderate Hutus, vowing to exterminate the Tutsi and their influence on Rwandan beau monde (2, 19944). This massacre was stopped only when the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) threw down the performing genocidal government.Yet, that developed into a nonher(prenominal) blood bath with over two million of Hutu refugees heading for Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire (current the Democratic commonwealth of Congo), etc. Just five days from July 14 to 18, 1994 about 850,000 people crossed the border to Goma in eastern Zaire (2, 19945). until now today these to the broad close, innocent Hutus are deprived of basic tender rights and legion(predicate) cases are known when their human rights have been abused by the RPF (that is now at the helm) and they were returned by force to their Motherland where they do not have any rights at all.The major part of the refugees fled out because of fear convinced (owning to Hutu Power propaganda) that the Tutsi were a subhuman race willing to enslave and extirpate the Hutu people. However, their genocidaires quickly took over the refugee camps. alternatively of safety refugees found intimidation, starvation, tortures and death. International humanitarian organizations were powerless and forced to endure helper through the genocidaires or just leave hundreds of thousands of refugees in trouble and distress.The Rwanda crisis proved how unprepared was the international community to dealing with refugee crises that involved threats to peace and security in the world. What is more, the novel Rwandan government together wi th their allies from Zaire attacked and wiped the refugee camps off the face of the earth claiming that the camps posed incredible and intolerable threat to Rwandan security (3, 2006). Thousands and thousands of refugees were killed.Thousands more send packing victims to cholera that set in along with other contagious diseases (such as dysentery, malaria, etc. ) as a consequence of peoples exhaustion, lack of aliment and drinking water. One may suppose that the described above conflict and crises that follows may definitely be a vivid example of Hobbes rational surmisal according to which every man lives in fear, as hale as the father of rational philosophy did himself. Hobbes once mentioned Fear and I were born agree together (4, 1996 I 11).In his main theoretical work and his masterpiece, the Leviathan, Hobbes suggested that there are two methods of state formation commonwealth by institution commonwealth by acquisition (4, 1996 XIX 147). With regard to the former, Hobbes su pposed that at the uprise of politeization, individuals existed in such state of nature, when life was a perpetual conflict in which men were one anothers enemies. Furthermore, different individuals had relatively equal power, thus being unable to guarantee actual personal security for themselves.As a result, due to such hostile environment, the individual, suffers continued fear, and the danger of violent death and a way of life that is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short (4, 1996, I 12). Even more, nature hath made men so equal in faculties of body and mind that no man can thereupon claim to himself any benefit to which another may not pretend as well as he (4, 1996, XVII 118). In general, this may be regarded as a society without acting laws and authorities with all man have a right to everything, and situation when no action can be unjust (4, 1996, XVII 118).Moreover, the described state of nature leads, according to Hobbes, to the specialise of war war of all against a ll, in which human constantly seeks to destroy each other in an incessant sideline for power (4, 1996, XVII 118). However, this is not the war we are used to denote with this word. It is rather a condition of awareness about enemies than the act of violence itself. Instead of promoting war, Hobbes emphasizes that war cannot bring any benefits or provide any additional security. His purpose is to convince the readers that ruling power would save people from those unnecessary perils caused by the state of nature.Hence, such unfavorable state of nature, as Hobbes puts it, should and will prompt individuals to organize a civil state with a monopolistic sovereign on the head by means of force and coercion. Such monopoly with supreme power will be able to ensure to the individuals safety from other members of their society, as well as protect from external intrusion. Therefore, from the recognition of the necessity for social order and peace people consent to obey to the sovereign. (4, 1 996 XVIII 127).Therefore, it would be more dead-on(prenominal) to consider Hobbess war to be a kind of competition or contest not the real military operations involving victims and bloodshed. It can be compared even to the emulation between two men who want to attract some woman they both like. Moreover, the author of Leviathan himself drives us to this conclusion by the side by side(p) words So that in the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel. First, competition secondly, diffidence thirdly, glory (4, 1996 XVII 119). He explains this again by the human nature, namely its faults all men are by nature provided of notable magnifying glasses (that is their Passions and Self-love,) through which, every little payment appeareth a great injustice but are destitute of those perspective glasses, (namely Moral and Civil Science,) to see a farre off the miseries that hang over them, and cannot without such payments be avoided. From this point of view, it seems, to my m ind, obvious, that Rwanda civil war is not the case of Hobbes state of war. For Hobbes seizure of power meant improvement of the living conditions of people, even more it was the only way of providing them.The best society organization, from his standpoint, was the commonwealth in the meaning a multitude of people who together consent to a sovereign authority, established by contract to have absolute power over them all, for the purpose of providing peace and common defense (4, 1996 XVII124). As it has been mentioned, the purpose of establishing a commonwealth is to escape the state of nature and to provide peace and the common defense of the people the sovereign is responsible for ensuring this defense (4, 1996 XVII 124).Remarkably, that the so-called sovereign should not necessarily be a individual(a) person it (or he as Hobbes uses denotes it) may be comprised of a group of people who purpose at a common aim. Moreover, the sovereigns task is not exceptional to promoting safety of the people but according to Hobbes, it covers also promotion of economic well-being of the community, sufficient nutrition, etc. By the latter Hobbes implies distribution of materials conducing to life in concoction, or preparation, and (when concocted) in the conveyance of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use. (4, 1996 XVII 126). Furthermore, ruling from the fact that there is no such state that can to the full supply itself with all necessary resources, as there is no territory under the dominion of one commonwealth, (except it be of very vast extent,) produceth all the things indispensable for the maintenance of the whole body, Hobbes supposes that the state will import goods or resources from other states through normal trade (4, 1996 XVIII 137). Hence, as we can see the situation with Rwanda coup detat and Hobbes process ad goal of taking power are worlds apart.The analogous refers to the consequences. Whereas the latter should theoretically results in prosperi ty of the citizens, the former lead, in fact, to the numerous casualties, famine, etc. Furthermore, in Rwanda there was no realization of rational choices, rather it was the outburst of ethnic hostility than an effort to capture power in order to improve the welfare of the people. In addition, though Hobbes tenet primarily touches upon sovereignty established on the basis of agreement, the scientist maintains that sovereignty reached through acquisition i.e. force entails the same rights and obligations covered by the contract (also called covenant or social contract, which is the act of giving up certain natural rights and transferring them to someone else, on the condition that everyone else involved in making the contract also simultaneously gives up their rights. People agreeing to the contract obligate only those rights over others that they are content for everyone else to retain over them) (4, 1996 XVIII 139). The only difference is the way in which the sovereign comes to po wer.If a sovereign comes to rule by institution he is supported because people fear each other. And, in contrast, if he comes to rule by acquisition he is supported because people are afraid of him himself, which does not goes apart with the theory of state of nature. Hence, in both cases, the people literally enjoy the same rights, whereas in Rwanda they were completely deprived of any rights. Nevertheless, for Hobbes the second method can be compared with slave-master relationships (without a slave having right to rebel), in Hobbess own wordsThe master of the servant, is master also of all he hath and may exact the use thereof that is to say, of his goods, of his labour, of his servant, and of his children, as often as he shall think fit. For he holdeth his life of his master, by the covenant of obedience that is, of owning, and authorizing whatsoever the master shall do. And in case the master, if he refuse, kill him, or cast him into bonds, or otherwise punish him for his disob edience, he is himself the author of the same, and cannot accuse him of injury (4, 1996 XVIII 141).David Gauthier also argues that a servant is exactly involved in the decision making calculus of the master instead the servant exists to carry out the formers dictates (5, 2000114). Yet, on the Rwandas example, the people defended and rebelled against their genocidaires, thus, they refused to perform the component part of servants presupposed by Hobbes. To sum up, the Rwanda crisis has nothing in common with possible transfer to Hobbes model of state organization. It was founded on the ethnic hostilities that caused in the long run limiting of ruling power.Moreover, the purpose of the new government, in my opinion, was not the welfare of the people and the country but mere revenge for years of oppression. What is more, the people, though proving to some extent their natural (in accordance with Hobbes) inclination to being enemies to each other, did not resign themselves to the fact that they should be obedient and humble servants but rebelled instead and fought until the last breath. Nevertheless, even if the conflict is motivated by not the ethnic animosity but the rational choice, I will not recommend Hobbes reform of the society organization.At first glance, the objective and functions of his Commonwealth seem to be very promising, for example, preserving the society, establishing an internal order or peace, defending that peace against external violence, etc so that after all individuals can live peaceably (4, 1996 XVIII145). However, I do not believe in such Utopia as for me it is evident that Hobbes state has all features of what is considered or ca turn in future into the totalitarian state (recall those master-slave relationships, overall power of the sovereign, etc.). Our history has already proven that this form of governing is not applicable and is out-of-date with regard to our world and our life. Whatever the conflicts are, and no matter what lea ders come to the rule they should bear in mind that our future is democratic one and there is no place on the earth to dictators and totalitarianism.Bibliography1. Rwanda the Great Genocide Debate. Retrieved from University of Dayton Library on February 14, 2006 http//www. udayton. edu/rwanda/articles/genocide/noendinsight.html 2. Rwandan apocalypse by Chris McGreal in Goma, Ian Katz from Guardian, Saturday July 23, 1994, p. 4-6. 3. The Rwanda Crisis fib of a Genocide 1959-1994, published by Hurst and Company Ltd, 1995. Retrieved on February 14, 2006 from http//www. humanrightsfirst. org 4. Hobbes, Thomas (ed. ) Tuck, Richard Leviathan. Cambridge University Press, 1996 5. Gauthier, D. P. (2000). The Logic of the Leviathan The Moral and Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes. Oxford Oxford University Press, p. 114-116.

Power quality problems

queen quality worrysINTRODUCTIONPower quality problems relieve oneself become serious and common issues that atomic number 18 cosmosness discussed receivable to its effect on advocate trunk ne cardinalrks. Any variation in potential drip, current, or frequency which may lead to an equipment failure or malfunctions is potentially a power quality problem. According to IEEE standard 1159-1995, a potential magnetic dip wilt is defined as a decrease to in the midst of 0.1 and 0.9 p.u. in root mean squ atomic number 18 (rms) potential drop at the power frequency for epochs of 0.5 cycle to 1 min.A power system shortcoming is a ordinary cause of voltage slacken off and view as been the vast contribution of power quality problems. Other typical causes of voltage sag includes of starting of large inductor motor, transformer energizing and load changes. When a system is respiteed, the voltage on the particular build will drop to original amount and sometimes drop to zer o. When accredited voltage drops to zero, particularly it will become an interruption. Interruption cant be tolerated as it gives a very bad impact to the utilities. so it is burning(prenominal) to warrant that the consumer side will not experience any problems related to the power quality problems. voltage sags can generally be characterized by sag magnitude, duration and frequency. Voltage sag is a common power quality problem that always fadered in power system network. Voltage sag problems is one of the just about serious problems that affecting process industry consumers. Due to the awareness developed from time to time, consumers and utilities have become disquieted with the inconvenience caused by voltage sag.It is important to distinguish between interruptions and voltage sags. Both is a power quality problems but are various in terms of occurrence. Interruptions (zero voltage) are mainly occur when a fault occur at the particular bus. Whilst the feeder in parallel that share the same bus will particularly experienced voltage sag during the period of a fault for faults in any area of the power system network. The travelling and the extension service of the faulted voltages may change it to sagged voltage depending on the transformer connections. Voltage sag does not cause any interruption but in the case of sensitive equipment it tends to resulting in shut down of a certain process.This paper is written to describe the propagation of the faulted voltage to other busbar depending on the transformer connections, system grounding and the effect of melodic phrase length impedances to the faulted voltages. The purpose of these look is also to extract the features of the travelling and the propagation of sgged voltage. Thus it is believe that the purpose and objectives of this project, an a posteriori expression can be developed in monitoring the propagation of voltage sag in every level of distribution network on the consumer side. Futhermo re, this research is intended to contribute to the utilities in improving the existing power quality monitoring system, and to develop a better understanding on voltage sag propagations.Several studies shows that from all types of power quality disturbances known, voltage sags have the most significant severity to consumer equipment. In specified that almost 80% of the disoperation in distribution systems cause the failure and interruptions of power system. The behaviour of voltage sag in embedded generation in distribution networks is discussed in. The study of faults that occurring in transmission (EHV), subtransmission (HV) ordinary-voltage (MV), low-voltage (LV) systems and the voltage sags propagate through out the power system can be seen in and is beness concentrated as the frequency of voltage sag occurrences. Focuses on studying the propagation characteristics of sag and harmonics in medium voltage distribution systems by using EMTP simulation, analysing the effects of f ault locations on sag levels, nature of sag produced by different types of faults, effects of line length on sag/swell propagation, transformer connection effects on the nature of sag and swells effects, swell propagation characteristics and the total harmonic distortion in different parts of the systems. Discussed in detailed the sag propagation characteristics in medium voltage busbar.Voltage sag is a serious power quality problem such that it can propagates through transformer to all distribution networks and travel to the consumers voltage level.Voltage sags that are caused by symmetrical three-phase faults propagate without changes through transformers but in the case of unsymmetrical faults, however, the transformer connections have a strong effect. Moreover the propagation of voltage sag through transformer that is caused by transmission fault is dependent on the location of voltage source of the transmission system.METHODOLOGYBefore any voltage is being sent to consumer it i s generated in power station. Not all feeders are being installed monitoring equipments. The monitoring equipments are being installed at strategic places where utilities think that have the worst severity at 33/11kV bus feeders only. Thus the data that are being recorded only at the respective feeder that are being install monitoring equipment i.e. 33/11KV busbar. In this situation, it creates several(prenominal) questions on how to acquire the data at different level of voltage busbar. As installing metering equipment and waveform recorders would lead to huge increased costs, alternative system to monitor the propagation of voltage sag should be establish. This paper can be divided into several phases. The methodology of this project can be modify by the flowchart in figure 2. The simulation package that will be used is PSS/ADEPT.Simulation Test SystemA single line diagram test system was modeled as in figure 3. Transformers connections in the test system are being modeled as i mmaculate as possible with the transformer connections that are being used by the utilities. G1 is a generator producing 11.5kV. The voltage level at B2 and B3, B4 and B5, B6 and B7, B8 and B9 are 275kV or 132kV, 33kV, 11kV and 0.415kV respectively. The transformers connections are being described in table 1. Transformer and transmission lines parameters for different types of impedances are being described in table II and III respectively. In the vector sort out of the transformer configurations, capital letter represents the high voltage winding and small letter represents the low voltage winding. 1 and 11 represents the phase shift in between high voltage and low voltage angle where 1 is -300 and 11 is +300.In the test system single line diagram, the system grounding is being implemented in all of the transformer connection. System grounding is referring to the method of how the entire system or network is being grounded. The grounding in electrical distribution system is being at the Y-connected side of the transformers. The resistor that is being used grounding at TX3 and TX4 is called Neutral Earthing Resistor (NER). The basic purpose of the NER is to entertain the transformer from from damaging fault currents fault current by limiting the fault current to be equaled to the transformers capacity or the transformers full load current. Fault causa will be simulated at B5. The propagated voltage through TX3 will be characterized. Different types of transformer and transmission lines parameters will be used to analyze the vulnebarality of the fault termination at the neigbouring busbar B4.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSPropagated Fault EventThe simulation faulted results that were being presented was single line to ground fault and double line to ground fault using type 1 parameters for transformer and transmission lines. The results of the simulations are being represented by phasor diagram shown in figure 5, 6 and 7. For all figure the right-down line represe nt the primary voltage of TX3 i.e voltage at B5 and for dashed line represents the voltage at the secondary side of TX3 i.e. voltage at B6. count 6 depicts the situation of a single line to ground fault is being applied at B5 (33kV). The red phase at B5 experiencing an interruption due to the fault but the other two phases experiencing increase in voltage and phase angle jumps. From due to solid grounding stated that sag that is caused by single phase fault is given by the equation in table IV and is classified as type B and after travelling to Dyn11 transformer transform into type C but in this scenario the situation is different because the presence of NER restore the voltage to a normal voltage level at B6 (11kV). Figure 7 depicts the situation when there line to line fault is simulated at B5. The voltage at B5 during this type of fault follows the explanation in but after propagated to TX3 the red phase blue phase at B6 disappears due to the presence of NER. The voltage during fault may not necessarily drop to zero but the value of the voltage is very minuscule that it can be assumed it reached to zero during fault.Vulnerability of fault eventThe neighbouring bus B4 is of concern when there is a fault. In order to test the vulnerability of the propagation of sagged voltage at the neighbouring busbar B4, the length pf the transmission lines is being increased. The transformer and transmission lines parameters is being changed by the data given in table II and III respectively. In figure 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are being presented by two graph where bold line is the voltage at B4 without any fault as the length is being increased where as the dashed line is the voltage at B4 during fault event occurs. the fault that is being simulated is single line to ground fault. In shows that the theoretical calculation of the vulnerability of fault event increase to a constant value. But in this research simulation as the length of the transmission lines is being increase d when fault is simulated, the voltage at the neighbouring bus is decreasing due to the voltage drop of the cable length it self. Up to a certain point as the length of the transmission lines is being increased, the voltage during fault and the voltage when there is no fault is moving towards the same value.CONCLUSIONSThe transformer connection and configuration as well as transformer and transmission lines have a crucial role where it gave an impact to the propagation of sagged voltage. It can be seen that when a single line to ground fault event occurs, one phase may not necessary drop to zero but will be sagged and two phases will swelled and the transformer connection Dyn11 NER grounding can automatically mitigates the problems. But Dyn11 transformer might not necessarily mitigates any fault because it s shown that line to line fault that propagates through it does not mitigates the problems. Consumers that are connected to 0.415 kV may or may not be affected by the fault event as the transformer connections have mitigated the disturbances since the severity of the sag voltage is presence eventhough NER grounding transformer connections is being used. The vulnerability may overcome the severity of sagged voltage but up to a certain point the voltage drop due to cable length may provides under voltage to the power system network. Through transformer connections, the voltage sag propagation can be predicted with empirical formula through continuous observations. As installing monitoring equipment could dramatically increase cost, alternative approach such as developing empirical formula can overcome this hassle. By having a proper monitoring method, voltage sag propagation that can cause variety of problems can be apprehended. It is hope through this study and investigation, future development in predicting to develop an empirical formula can be establish.REFERENCESM. F. M. Roger C. Dugan, H. W. Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality. New York McGraw-Hill, 1996.IEEE Std. 1159-1995, IEEE Recommended Practise for monitor Electric Power Quality, June 1995.IEEE Std 1250-1995, IEEE Guide for Services to Equipment Sensitive to Momentary Voltage Disturbances, Mar 1995.M. H. J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems, in Voltage Sags and Interruptions IEEE Press, 1999.E. F. P. R. o. P. 309801-1996, Distribution Power Quality Study.E. L. W. H., Ling G. Tu, H. Wayne Hong, W. Zhong, An Intergrated Application for Voltage Sag Analysis, IEE Transaction On Power System, vol. 13, pp. pp 930-935, 1998.J. E. B. R. Billinton, Distribution System Realiability Indices, IEE Transaction On Power System, vol. 13, pp. pp 930-935, 1989.R. Gnativ and J. V. Milanovi, Voltage sag propagation in systems with embedded generation and induction motors, presented at Power Engineering order Summer Meeting, 2001. IEEE, 2001.E. Y. Ahmet Serdar Yilmaz, Behaviour of Embedded GEneration during The Voltage Sags in Distribution Networks, Academic Journals, 2009.M. L. Pirjo Heine, Voltage Sag Distributions Caused by Power System Faults, IEE Transaction On Power System, vol. 18, 2003.R. V. A. J. Xu, V. Rajagopalan, Propagation of Sag and Harmonics in Medium Voltage Distribution System, IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. Vol 4, pp. pp 2582-2587, Jan. 2000.J. Xu, R. V. Annamraju, and V. Rajagopalan, Propagation characteristics of sag and harmonics in medium voltage distribution systems, presented at Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2000. IEEE, 2000.D. P. K. I. J. Nagrath, Modern Power System Analysis, 2nd Edition ed. New Delhi, India TATA McGraw-Hill, 1989.M. H. J. Bollen, Characterisation of voltage sags experienced by three-phase adjustable-speed drives, Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 12, pp. 1666, 1997.

Analyze The Mix And Activities Of Nestle Marketing Essay

Analyze The Mix And Activities Of clutch market EssayIn this report we are trying to investigate and consider the Marketing Mix Activities of NESTLE. Most of the merchandise practitioners regard merchandising mix as a tool for transaction securities industrying and the archetype for operational marketing planning. (Gronroos, 1994347)4ps.pngElements of Marketing Mix (Arm virile and Kotler, 2001).MANAGING THE MARKETING MIXCustomer Wants Marketing Mix VariablesManaging the Marketing Mix ( baker, 1999302)The above figure calculates how a caller-out could by look into and successful adaptation bath downstairsstand and organise harvestingions to match the customers requirements. According to Baker (1999 303), by understanding and matching the needs of the customers efficient management of marketing mix is possible.COMPONENTS OF MARKETING MIX Impact Positive and NegativePRODUCTKotler and Armstrong (2001) define a harvest-festival as any entity that can be offered to a mark et by a company for attention, acquisition, consumption or use that might satisfy the needs of their customers.Product MixProduct mix is the append range of outputs that are manufactured by a company. The major aspects to be considered in product mix are explained below.http//genevalunch.com/files/2010/01/Nestl%C3%A9_products_1001192.jpgVariety come near offers a all-encompassing product mix that comprises of food, health and nutrition products to toy the customer needs. come on offers its products in the following categories Bottled water, Baby foods, Breakfast cereals, Chocolate and confectionery, Coffee, Dairy products, Drinks, Ice cream, In the Kitchen, nuzzle Professional, Nutrition and Health, Pet care.Quality Nestle is well cognise for the quality and taste of its products. Nestle Believes that Success is built on Quality.Design As its variety range, Nestle also has a greater range of design. Nestle make sure all their new products look diverse and attractive.Nes tle creates much jobs in Yorksmarties-jh4_gem.jpg smarties image by libsta_girlFeatures Nestle perk up made sure that all their products have special features to make it more attractive to the customers. For example In case of their ice creams, they have tried to include the special feature that is the low fat and sugar content.http//squeezydeals.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/picture-11.png?w=273h=258Brand name A strong brand name is beta for both the company and the consumers as it adds to the cherish of the company, differentiates the products from those of its competitors and affects the consumer discernment of the company (Jobber 2007328). A strong brand name also acts as a source of quality certification and can influence consumer preferences of products. Nestle, through its strong brand name and market presence has captured the heart of the customers worldwide. In the usher health- conscious society, Nestle has captivated a loyal customer base through its focus on nutrition and health requirements and consumer preferences at a agonistical damage and it has enhanced the reputation of the company.A Nestle brand name on a product is a promise to the customer that it is safe to consume, that it complies with all regulations and that it meets spicy standards of quality progress Packaging involves designing and developing a cover for a product in order to make it attractive to the consumers. Packaging was just a means for protecting the product in the past, but today increase in competition has resulted in the need to differentiate the product from those of its competitors to attract the customers and to describe the features of the product in order to gain consumer recognition. Poor designs can be one of the reasons for reduction in sales of a product due to less customer satisfaction. Nestle uses in truth attractive packaging as one of their main marketing strategies.For its efforts, Nestle has won several accolades such as the Silver Star and Best i n category as Best Packaging Innovation leading to a significant reduction in household waste by the British Institute of Packaging for the Dairy Box biodegradable tray which is manufactured by using renewable resources.http//www.sophiesflorist.co.uk/images/chocolates/dairy%20box.jpgROMOTIONStanton and Futrell (1987418), describe promotional material as an important element of marketing mix which aims in informing and persuading the market to the highest degree the products and services of the company.Juad18.jpg Jnescafe.jpgAccording to Baker (1999, 310) the method of communicating the product offer which is made by a company to match the needs of the customers and to persuade them to try the product is Promotion. They feel that the logical implication of promotion increases when the distance amidst the producers and customers increase and as the tot up of customers increase. Promotion activity does not depend on the demand even if the demand is high promotional activities shou ld go on in order to keep the manufacturers name before the customers.Nestle uses promotion as one of the major source to hold their customers to make them aware of the value of different products introduced in the market.Nestle adopts a promotion mix with a perfect blend of several different promotion tools to promote the value of its product and make the customers aware of their products.Promotion ToolsPERSONAL SELLINGAccording to Stanton and Futrell (1987 418), own(prenominal) selling is mainly used when the market is geographically concentrated (Few customers) and when the products are custom made. It is defined as a face to face communication with buyers in the aim of pursuing the customers to purchase by Simon(). Its a one to one marketing. Tele marketing, door drops inserts, Door to door selling are all techniques used in personal selling.J7_essentialprotein_image.jpg J6_essentialprotein_image.jpgNestle uses personal selling for specialized and sophisticated products.ADVERT ISINGAdvertising according to Groucutt (2005215) is to communicate to a specific audience to stimulate action and its success is in the agency the right information reaches the right person at the right time. Majaro (1993) says that advertisement is any paid form non-personal communication of products, services or ideas through a commercial media. (Stanton and Futrell, 1987) Promotion through advertising is mainly done when the market is geographically dispersed or when the product is standardized.Nestls advertisements are well known in the market and they have made sure that the advertisements are attractive through all the possible media. Nestle also uses internet to promote their products, where they have different websites hosted for different products. Different strategies for each product like online competitions and dispersals.HOW ADVERTISING WORKSTim Ambler and Demetrios Vakratsas have formulated a framework for studying how advertising works for a company.How Advertisin g Works (Ambler, Vakratsas 199926)They have considered the input to be advertising own and competitive brands. Scheduling the media and message contents are the want factors or triggers the consumers response. Cognition, the thinking dimension of a persons response, and affect, the feeling dimension, are portrayed as two major intermediate advertising effects (Ambler, Vakratsas, 199926)SALES advanceSales promotion represents non- media campaigns such as sampling displays, gifts, exhibitions and contests (Majaro, 199335). Stanton and Futrell (1987418) believes that sales promotions one of the fastest growing promotional methods these days. Free samples, Money off coupons, extra value offers buy one get one free, bundling, privilege points are all different methods used in sales promotion. Nestle also uses sales promotion as one of their promotion tools by offering programmes like every day eating coupon codes and discounts and offers for online shopping on nestle products.PUBLICIT Y pushance is a promotional method where the organization is not paying for the communication about its products and is benefiting from it (Stanton and Futrell 1987419). This occurs either through a non-personal news story appearing in a mass medium or is delivered by a person in an interview or a speech. Publicity is achieved mainly through worldly concern relations activities. According to Jobber (2007) sponsorship provides more opportunities for publicity in the media.Nestle is a well known brand in the market and its fame describes its publicity and the further publicity occurs during various interviews of officials of Nestle. Publicity for Nestle also occurs during the launch of every new product and when the annual sale reports are published. This publicity obtained by Nestle is not by paying any of the media.Nestle, public relation activities is evident from how they try to communicate with government organizations as well as the customers about the different issues that th ey face. Through public relations Nestle try to bring to the attention of all the customers and organizations concerned about various issues and the current approach they are victorious towards these issues.PRICEPrice is defined as the value of a product that we get in return for all the effort that was taken for its production and also for marketing of the same product. Price is the revenue earner so it is considered as the odd one in the marketing mix. It is also considered as an important market tool which is visible to both customers and competitors (Baker 1985). The price of a product depends on a number of factors like, changes in technology, effect of suppliers, competitive pressure and the increasing price sensitivity of the customers. Price is also directly dependent on the demand of the product. If the demands increase the price will also increase and vice versa.Consumers generally show a keen interest in tracking the prices of the products which they usually purchase. Th is enables them to analyze the attractiveness of the product and be vigilant about the changes in price of the product, thusly enabling them to compare the prices of the product in various stores (Vanhuele and Dreze 200272).Pricing of the ProductCompanies usually do not set a single price, but earlier develop a pricing structure that reflects variations in geographical demand and personifys, market-segment requirements, purchasing timing, order levels, delivery frequency, guarantees, service contract, and other factors (Kotler, Keller, Brady, Goodman and Hansen 2009). According to David Jobber, pricing of a product mainly depends on 3 factors cost, competitor and the market.COST ORIENTED PRICINGThe most common method of pricing of a product is cost oriented pricing, in which it is divided into full cost pricing which involves the calculating of cost of all labour and materials and direct cost pricing which involves the calculation of only those costs that are likely to rise as o utput increases.COMPETITOR ORIENTED PRICINGThe approach to pricing which only depends on the competitor rather than costs when framing a business is called competitor oriented pricing. Every consumer will judge the price of a product by comparing it with a similar product in the same range which is produced by their competitor (Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders and Wong 2001).MARKET ORIENTED PRICINGMarket oriented pricing is one of the important area which depends on competiveness of a product in the market. For a new product the positioning strategy delays the pricing and for an existing product price will depend on the strategic objectives.Price-Quality RelationshipsPrice is directly dependent on the quality of the product. As the quality of a product increases the price also goes up. Nestle is a quality focused company and hence to compete with current market it need to carry out the pricing process of the product very carefully. Nestle is a very successful company and all its product s are at affordable prices.PRODUCT LINE PRICINGMost of the companies usually develop product lines rather than single products. In product line pricing the management must decide on the pricing steps to set between various products in a line (Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders and Wong 2001). In product line pricing, cost difference between the product in the line, evaluation of customers and also the competitors products with small price difference is also taken into account.EXPLICABILITYExplicability is defined as the capability of sales people to explain a high price to customer. In market customer demands the economic justification of product prices. If the sales people fail to give a clear idea of the product development stages, it will shave the value of product. As Nestle is very innovative it needs a high financial support for its RD and it is not easy to give idea about the product development costs to an ordinary customer.COMPETITIONCompetition plays an important role in the co st consideration of a product in a business. The main competitors of Nestle are Heinz, Kraft, ConAgra, Mars Incorporated, Hershey, Cadbury, General mills etc. Since all their main competitors are also well branded, they cannot price a product without analyzing the competitors pricing. But the main advantages behind their successful pricing are that they are very superior in its market position.NEGOTIATING MARGINSIn certain market customer expects a price reduction in some products. Competitive discounts, fast payment discounts an annual volume bonus and other promotional allowances come under this category. Nestle and its negotiations with its suppliers made them to gain a good reasonable margin in all its goods.EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTORS/RETAILERSWell qualified suppliers and efficient retailers is also a factor which affects the price of a product. If a distributor supplies a product with high price or a retailer sells a product in high margin it will cause the variations in price of t he products. Nestle itself agreed that their distributors are well developed and hence the company can chair the price of its products.POLITICAL FACTORSNestle sometimes blames the policies of governments for its poor reflection on the exports. Some of the government policies which results in increase in packaging cost makes the product less competitive in the global exporting market.PLACEArmstrong and Kotler (2001) describes place as the activity of a company to make the products available to the customers.Place StrategiesThe major factors to be considered while formulating a place strategy are Channels, Coverage, Assortments, Locations, Inventory, Transportation, and Logistics.Channel distribution strategies deal with the decisions on making the products available to the target customers in operative condition. A channel of distribution is the combination of institutions through which a seller markets the products to the user or ultimate consumer (Peter, Donnelly 2004145). As the time and finances required for cathode-ray oscilloscope up a channel of distribution are comparatively high, the place strategies are often critical for the success of a firm.The channels of distribution can be of two different types on the basis of the targeted consumer. It may differ when the end user of the product is a consumer or an organization, the Consumer Marketing Channel and the business enterprise Marketing Channel.Consumer Marketing Channel Armstrong and Kotler (2001)Nestle adopts the consumer marketing channel where the products from the producer reaches the consumer through the wholesalers or retailers. Nestle has e-marketing for some of its products where the products reach the consumers directly from the producer.Business Marketing Channel (Armstrong and Kotler, 2001)According to Donnelly (2004150),the channel of distribution strategic decisions are determined on the basis of the following factorsDistribution coverage requiredDegree of control desiredTotal distri bution costChannel flexibilityDistribution coverage may vary based on the features of the product, the market and the target customers. The company may opt for intensive distribution, selective distribution or single(a) distribution.In the case of intensive distribution, the company tries to sell the product through the supreme number of retailers and wholesalers. In selective distribution, the company may limit the number of wholesalers and retailers which are the best in that market while in the case of exclusive distribution the manufacturing company may provide exclusive rights for distributing the product to only one or a few distributors.Nestle has adopted intensive distribution strategy in order to make its products available to a large customer base. Nestle products are available through a large number of retail outlets. Besides this, Nestle has also launched an e-shop for promoting its confectionary in Japan which allows the consumers to buy Kit Kat chocolates online.The coverage of Nestle is world-wide as it has a wide distribution channel and several manufacturing units at different places around the world.Marketing logistics involves the planning, implementing and controlling of physical flow of goods, services and related information from points of origin to points of consumption to meet customer requirements at a profit (Armstrong and Kotler 2001342).Nestle underwent a complete re-engineering of its supply chain which was aided by Total Logistics which has benefitted both Nestle and its consumers. Nestle has been able to operate composite pallet loads for entire UK, combining beverages and confectionery through two vehicle fleets and two distribution hubs (http//www.total-logistics.eu.com/logistics-clients/logistics-consultants-case-studies/nestle.html). Through this, Nestle has been able to decrease its fleet size and satisfy smaller delivery volumes without any increase in the costs.

Ikea Pestle And Strategic Options Analysis Marketing Essay

Ikea Pestle And Strategic Options Analysis Marketing EssayINTRODUCTIONThe aim of this study is to conduct a SWOT and a PESTEL analysis of IKEA and summarise an assessments of IKEAs strategy and strategic options.IKEA, which was started in 1943, is the world largest furniture retailer. It offers a wide range of well-designed, practicable home furnishing increases at affordable prices. This enables as many people as possible to afford them. IKEAs focus throughout its existence has been to make and provide skinny products at low prices to customers. Thus, it has with time developed methods that be both cost-effective and innovative.SWOT ANALYSISAccording to Kourdi (2009), an analysis of the companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats is a good tool for garner information on the strategic position of the business. He explains that strengths and weaknesses are assemble within the internal surroundings of the organisation while opportunities and threats are usu bothy found from the external purlieu within which the business operates.StrengthsIKEA provides other amenities in their stores these include playrooms for children, ample put space and restaurants and Swedish cafs. This attracts customers who care about parking and who have children. The children can be left playing at the play zone while the parents do the shopping.IKEA designs its own furniture. This makes the business become innovative in designs and likewise assures customers of the same range of furniture and quality all over the world.Long-lasting relationships with selected key suppliers are a major strength of IKEAs purchasing and product development strategy. This is because IKEA is directly involved only in conceiving, distributing, and selling its productsDesigning products so that they can be packed flat and assembled by our customers greatly reduces IKEAs cost. This representation IKEA can ship more items in one truck, less storage space is required, labour costs are ed uced and station damages are avoided. For the customer, this elbow room lower priced products and easy transportation home.WeaknessesScandinavian design and style is not everyones preference. IKEA needs to diversify on its product design to appeal to other mercenary markets in the world. For example, customising some products and amenities like restaurants to oriental markets in a place like China or Hong Kong , Arabic ones for the middle-east or even African products for the African market (when it ventures to Africa) will appeal more to another market segment of traditionalists or very patriotic citizens of these regionsSince IKEA does not own any transport facilities, its supply and distribution network is physically connected through external actors and thousands of logistic partners. Coordinating and connecting this complex network it had adopted needs a great deal of concentration and very advances monitoring system, in addition, IKEA does not unilaterally control and most of the logistic relationshipsOpportunitiesthither is the potential to expand to other areas where IKEA has no stores due to its international fame, strong globularly recognised brand and growing demand for its products. These untapped markets include South America and Africa.IKEA recycles materials in its aim to grow organically. IKEAs website states that There is a true business potential for IKEA in providing solutions that enable customers to live a more sustainable life at home. IKEA is developing effective solutions for customers in order to support them recycling or reusing utilise products, aiming at no products ending up at landfill and the recycled materials used in producing new IKEA products.1ThreatsIKEA delegates much obligation to its competent partners. These are normally either those who have long been in charge of manufacturing a certain product, or those who have specific skillful competences. This provides a difficulty in controlling and maintaining standards . Due to this, IKEAs competences and organizational structure need to keep on being re-visited and modified to fit specific partners and interaction processes and networks want any other business, Competition from low end general force out retailers such as Wal-Mart, office supply stores such as Office Depot, and discount warehouses such as Costco. Wal-Mart is the worlds number one retailer. These general merchandise retailers tend to aggressively promote their furniture products on the basis of price as well. some other threat is the high-end specialty retailers who normally offer luxurious store environments designed to appeal to people looking for feelings of affluence, high class, ostentation prosperity, and comfort. These retailers also offer conglomerate payment options and easy credit to make it easier for shoppers to commit to a more items or costly products.PESTLE ANALYSISPESTLE is a tool that is used to analyse the macro-environment in which an organisation exists. It is an acronym that stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors. PESTLE analysis generates information that helps senior managers when strategising and when formulating strategic plans and policiesMorrison (2008) argues that PESTLE analysis can also be used as a material for looking outside the organisation to hypothesise what may or may not happen. It is a useful framework to use to ensure that some of the basic factors are not overlooked or ignored. Used in a similar way to that of business intend2Political environmentThis includes issues to do with government policies on taxation, tariffs and trade restrictions. It also encompasses employment laws and the activities and involvement of trade unions. Political stability of the environment is also important. IKEAs governmental environment is favourable. In Europe and America, the political systems have developed over long time providing a very stable environment. IKEA does not operate in Af rica where most nations are not politically stableEconomic FactorsIKEA like most businesses in Europe and America is currently operating in global economic recession. In most countries, there has been slow economic growth for the last two years. Other economic factors are typical to each artless and have to with inflation rates, interest rates, wage rates and minimum wage legislations.Sociological factorsMarkets where IKEA operates are faced with changing social trends. For example there are now fewer first time buyers in the housing market which is mainly due to hard economic times. Thus there may be a deceleration in the markets growth rate.According to echeat.com, many people associate Sweden with a fresh healthy way of life.3This Swedish lifestyle is reflected in the IKEA product range. The freshness of the open air is reflected in the colours and materials used and the sense of space they create by using blond-coloured woods, untreated surfaces and natural textiles.IKEA has al so developed a very comprehensive corporate social responsibility program. IKEAs social responsibility policy gives a provision for humanitarian donations and support to variant charities such as the World Wildlife Fund, UNICEF and Save the Children fund.TechnologyIKEA has embraced technology as a business tool. It has an up to date website from which customers can view online catalogues, check for tired availability before going to the store, order online and even correspond with the customer service team. As technology evolves, IKEA will perpetually keep on update and upgrading its technology to keep pace with its global networks ranging from network relationships with supplier to those with distributors.LegalIKEA is a global business. This means that it is affected by many laws and legislations in all the different countries. This poses a threat where IKEA may be unable to control standards and/or quality in some jurisdictions where IKEA products are where there are no regulati ons to control working conditions.EnvironmentSince it was founded IKEA has been sensitive to the environment which leads it in making better use of both raw materials and energy. This keeps costs down and helps the company to extend its green targets and have an overall positive impact on the environmentSUMMARY ON IKEAS STRATEGY AND STRATEGIC OPTIONSIKEA can create more opportunities and guarantee threats by strategic planning whist taking advantage of its strengths and working on its weaknesses. In the case study IKEA Invades America, IKEAs strategy is to have market control condition and market leadership as far as house furnishings are concerned. It can do so by assess its external and competitive environmentLow-prices for it products is the main IKEAs strategy that makes customers want to buy from IKEA. This low price strategy is coupled with a wide range of well designed products. IKEAs products cater for every lifestyle and life stage of its customers, who come from all age groups and types of households. This diversity in the niche market is increases IKEAs potential market.In the case study strategy in Industrial Networks Experiences from IKEA by E. Baraldi, Industrial networks and business relationships play key roles for the strategy of IKEA. It should indeed continue to work with suppliers who take responsibility for people and the environment and who want to grow and develop with IKEAs growth. As part of its continuous work to improve conditions in the supply chain, IKEA has implemented a revised code of conduct, IWAY, and join an industry collaboration exploring the possibility of developing global supply chain standards (IKEA sustainability report 2009 13)Sustainability needs to be a part of the IKEA business strategy, and must therefore be integrated into each and every one of IKEAs business strategies, and in its product range (IKEA sustainability report 2009 8). IKEA will need to lead developments with innovation and technical know-how a nd be transparent to its stakeholders. IKEAs products, processes and systems should continue demonstrating responsibility for people and the environment.

Implications of Research on Bilingual and Polyglot Aphasia :: Essays Papers

Implications of Research on Bilingual and Polyglot Aphasia Research conducted on bilingual and polyglot aphasics has brought interest into the field of honor of linguistics mainly because of its contribution to L2 research, especially in providing explanations for the organization of distinct languages in the sensation. Since there exists such a variation between individual cases, the close primal thing to come out of this research is a set of factors involved in these aphasia cases as well as theories emerging from research. Some of these factors hold the language environment in which the aphasic recovers, influence of the L1, language mixing, brain lateralization for language, and the question of whether structurally similar languages follow a similar principle of deficits and recovery. The main pathological implicationdetermining what is missing or misplaced inside a bilingual or polyglot aphasics brainalso shares importance with determining how different languages are structured in the brain. The history of research on bilingual aphasia into the 20th century begins with the work of dickens Frenchmen at the end of the 19th century by the names of Ribot and Pitres. Ribot wrote his paper, Les maladies de la memoire, in 1881 (Lebrun 12). Pitres, using seven polyglot aphasic patients as the basis for his work, published Etude sur laphasie des polyglottes in 1895 (Lebrun 11). Ribots conclusion about recovery in polyglot aphasics is known as Ribots rule, which basically states that L1 will recover more than any L2s. Pitres rule, built off of Ribots, takes a different approach in saying that the language used most often pre-morbidly(i.e. beforehand the onset of aphasia) is the one which will be regained the fullest, irregardless of that language being an L1 or L2. Various individual cases have cropped up which match both theories, so further research has attempted to explain variances in recovery of specific languages through other means. Al so, after Pitres, the research focus became more one of examining deficits in syntax and morphology in an attempt to explain brain construction, and less of an analysis of interesting language recovery in these patients. Examining Theoretical Issues Another important component of the study of polyglot aphasia came with the distinction between compound and co-ordinate bilingualism, as examined by Lambert and Fillenbaum (1959). Although the state of being a bilingual is a hazy one, the distinction between the two concepts comes with the context of acquisition.

Atomism: Democritus And Epicurus Essay -- essays research papers

Atomism Democritus and Epicurus     In the Atomists, we unwrap pluralism taken as far as it could possibly go.We see Democritus and Epicurus divide all the world, as advantageously as the founding,into two categories atoms and empty space. Everything else is merely thoughtto exist. The atoms are eternal, infinite in size and number and they aremoving through the empty space. thither is no motion without empty space. BothDemocritus and Epicurus agreed that motion was impossible in a plenum, but it ishere that their theories diverge. In the cause of the motion, we begin to see a multifariousness of opinions.     Both Democritus and Epicurus agreed that the qualitative world of senseperception arises from the motion of qualitatively neutral atoms. They believethat the immense qualitative variety results from the jostling of atoms...asthey collide and bounce apart, and so, endlessly form new groupings (Jones 84).They believe it to be a mechani cal transit occurring completely by chance.Furthermore, although new groupings are constantly being formed, only the fewthat can survive are considered the right combinations. These are thecombinations we recognize through our senses as being real, although they arenot. However, the modality in which this complex motion begins is a source ofcontr oversy and disagreement amongst the Atomists.     Democritus assumes that the atoms motion is perpetual. The atoms arenever at rest. He presumes that their nature is to move, thereby avoiding the conundrum of explaining the origin of the complex motion of atoms by simplyaffirming that it is in their nature to move so (Jones 85). He believes thatatoms are born along with the whole universe in a vortex. The vortex is not anoutside influence, but rather the motion of the atoms themselves. He neveraccounts for the initiation of this motion. He simply states that it is aninherent tint of the atoms themselves.  &nbs p  Epicurus, on the other hand, wanted to find a reasoning behind theinitial movement of the atoms to find the cause of the initial collisionswhich start the creation process of the universe.     Through observation of objects falling down within our limitedperceptual space, Epicurus concluded ... ...ualities? Epicurus ambiguously calls these qualities accompaniments yetnever explains how they can exist outside of human race and still be consideredreal.     Epicurus changed the doctrine of Democritus in many ways in an attemptto clarify some of the more questionable postulations. Epicurus theory is not necessarily superior, but certainly progressive. There is room for discourse ona variety of the Atomists theories. Since they are the first school of thoughtfrom which we have so practically written record, there is bound to be divergence ofopinion. The areas I have discussed relate only the area of physics. Epicurusattempts to resolv e some of the dilemmas Democritus leaves unresolved in goodand psychological dilemmas as well.     Of course, lingual and interpretive constraints play a part in allphilosophical theory of the classical period. Yet in our " recent" world, werely heavily on the ideas set forth by these great thinkers. It would befoolish to take one concept as superior over another because the scope of ideasgiven to us by these thinkers is too great a wealth to judge subjectively.