Computer Cryptography :: Exploratory Essays

Computer cryptographyWhen I first read the term computer cryptography, I eyeshot that it was a technical term for hacking. After looking up cryptography on an on-line dictionary, I was sure I wasnt far from the truth. provided after further examining the topic, I find I am only partly right. Computer cryptography is a very complex thing. According to David Banisar 1, Cryptography provides a means of accomplishing two crucial functions-encryption and authentication.In order to understand cryptography, I think it is best to first look at encryption and authentication. accordingly I will examine how it affects the privacy of personal computer users and how the government is attempting to deal with the cryptography issue. I will also take a apprise look at quantum computers and their effect on the computer society.Encryption is a security process, designed to secure information being direct electronically. Its sympathetic of like sending a message military-style. Instead o f saying, The president has go forth the White House, a military formal might say something like, The eagle has left the nest. The difference between the example above and encryption is that encryption has more to do with mathematics, since computers communicate using numbers, not letters.Authentication is just as it sounds. legitimacy means, Not false or imitation. 2 I also found that authenticate means, to prove or serve to prove the authenticity of. 3 Basically, its making something legitimate. Well, authenticating a computer document is the same as signing the document. The sender uses a unique digital signature to let the receiver know that the document is official and sent from the right person.So, to sum it up, computer cryptography software is designed to send and receive important messages using a type of secret formula to send the message and an electronic signature to let you know the receivers software allowing him to easily read the message is real. The messa ge is then decoded by message.When personal computer users purchase something online, they use a credit card number or bank account number to make their purchase. This number is sent through the website to the company youre shopping with. If there are any bugs in the sites programming, other users can get a accord of your account information and use it to do the same, to purchase things online, where no one is there to verify that that is you (Stephen Budianski, Losing the Code War, Atlantic Monthly, 2002).

Rural Homelessness Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Rural Homelessness As the Joad family lost its farm and hit the road in Steinbecks classic, The Grapes of Wrath, so to did America lose its ability to plead ignorance to the problem of rural unsettledness. Yet, as the troubles of the Great Depression, and two million homeless Americans, were eclipsed by a world at war, the issue of homelessness was once again placed on the back burner, and then taken off of the stove altogether (Davis 275). Although this problem has seldom been discussed in the lux years since, rural homelessness is again on the rise and threatens to become the major problem facing rural America (Rural Homelessness). Less than ten miles from the intersection of Sprague and part in downtown Spokane, the problem of rural homelessness in our own community is glaringly evident. At the intersection of Sullivan Road and Interstate 90, in the Spokane Valley, where drivers are momentarily slowed in their rush to get on with life, stands testament that not ever yone is sharing in the American dream. With their worn out Levis, old coats, and sometime mismatched shoes, the homeless work these corners for handouts like pigeons gathered around an old man on a park bench. These people dont ride out here on the total three bus from the STA Plaza, and they dont commute here in the Geos, Hondas, and Cadillacs that are constantly stopping and going with the changing of the lights. The people that ply these corners with their homemade cardboard gratify Help signs, are here because this is the closest (and therefore most convenient) corner to where they sleep. A short walk along the rocky northern bank of the Spokane River, westside of Sullivan, leads to a camp tucked among the ponderosas in... ...ousing Assistance Council. Jan. 2001. 4 Apr. 2001.http//www.ruralhome.org/pubs/infoshts/rhomeles.htm Vissing, Yvonne. Homeless Children Addressing the Challenge in Rural Schools. ERIC Digest. Jan. 1999. 4 Apr. 2001. http//www.ael.org/eric/d igests/edorc981.htm. Wilkinson, Todd. How small-town America handles rural homelessness. Christian Science Monitor. 16 Mar. 1999. 5 Apr. 2001. http//www.csmonitor.com/durable/1999/03/16/fp2s2-csm.shtml Zimmerman, Julie. Rural Poverty Myths and Realities. Rural culture News. Volume 21. Number 1. Mar. 1997. 4 Apr. 2001 http//www.ag.iastate.edu/centers/rdev/newsletter/mar97/rural.poverty.html. Zimmerman, Julie. Rural Poverty Myths and Realities. Rural Development News. Volume 21. Number 2. June 1997. 4 Apr. 2001. http//www.ag.iastate.edu/centers/rdev/newsletter/june97/rural.poverty.html.

We Must Educate Everyone About Child Abuse :: Violence Against Children

Every year more than than 3 million reports of infant abuse are made in the United States involving more than 6 million children. Very few people are aware of the severeness of child abuse. While some people choose to ignore it, many an(prenominal) people are oblivious to the fact that is even exists. Unfortunately, because very few people know about the severity of the problem or do not know how to stop it, the cycle of violence will continue for generations to come. It is detrimental that the cycle stops and abused children do not grow up to be abusers. Many children are afraid to ask for help, they feel they will be hurt again or punished. It is so very important that children know it is incumbent and right to seek help. Unfortunately, 90% of children abused are under the age of 12. That means that most of them are not even out of elementary school. The access of child abuse education classes in elementary schools would provide knowledgeable information t o every child about dealing with child abuse. Education is a very key part to preventing the spread of violence. In order to really understand child abuse, it is important to know some of the main facts about child abuse. Iowa law actually defines six specific type of abuse. They are physical, emotional, sexual, denial of critical care, child prostitution, and drug exposure. Abuse happens to children of all ages and backgrounds, it affects all economic classes, races, ethnic and religious groups. It is estimated that a child is abused every 26 seconds in America. Abused children suffer emotional, social, and intellectual deficits that may be with them throughout their lives. Criminal and cutthroat behavior, psychoses and psychiatric illness, drug and alcohol abuse, school and learning difficulties, and employment problems are all documented outcomes of child abuse. For these reasons as well as countless others, the aim to stop this cycle is so very apparent. So why is more attention given to the effort of preventing child abuse? Here is one come-at-able explanation to this question.

USA: Future Home of the Latino? :: Minority Politics Essays

USA Future Home of the Latino? Imagine an America completely different than what we have now. Imagine an America where white is non the majority an America where every race that whites have had such a bad history with (and that includes the majority of the races on the planet) suddenly run the country. Minorities are everywhere in this imaginary America, and in a place where minority used to mean everything-but-white, it now means the exact opposite. This America could be our reality soon. Now, Im not making this out to be a bad thing, considering this is nearly exactly what the old dead guys who founded this country wanted in the number one place. But thats a whole other essay in itself. In his essay, The Big New Mix, Renee Loth quotes Leon Bouvier, a demographer from Tulane University. Bouvier claims that ...America leave induce a majority minority nation by 2050.... If this comes true, sure the American culture might be wiped out. But couldnt you consider the richest part o f American culture the amount of minority people in our country? If, by 2050, America is a majority minority as Leon Bouvier predicts, it will affect everything, including politics, business, entertainment, and education. And it wint all change necessarily for the bad, either.Perhaps the most noticeable change in this imaginary America would be the political scene. For years, women and minorities have sit somewhat silent while the majority whites elect white president after white president. Even some of us white people who fathert hate any races (no, really, there are some of us out there) think there should be a black president, a Latino president, or a woman president. If Bouviers 2050 America is as he says it will be, this might come true. We might even end up with a Black-Latino-American woman president What would the KKK do then?With a president representing what is now the minority, obviously there would be greater representation of minorities in the government. But, with a m ajority minority running the country, this representation would occur in congress as well. There would be more minority* input to their Congressmen and women (who might too be minorities) as to what laws need to be passed not to mention a greater minority representation at the voting booths.American business will be an aspect of our lives that will change right under our noses.

E. E. Cummings :: essays research papers fc

The Poetry of E. E. CummingsE. E. Cummings, who was born in 1894 and died in 1962, wrote many poems with unconventional punctuation and capitalization, and unusual line, word, and even letter placements - namely, ideograms. Cummings most difficult form of prose is probably the ideogram it is extremely terse and it combines both visual and auditory elements. There may be sounds or char diddleers on the page that bottom of the inningnot be verbalized or cannot convey the same message if pronounced and not read. iv of Cummings poems - l(a, mortals), blac, and swi( - illustrate the ideogram form quite well. Cummings utilizes unique syntax in these poems in order to convey messages visually as well as verbally.Although one may think of l(a as a poem of sadness and loneliness, Cummings probably did not intend that. This poem is aboutindividuality - integrity (Kid 200-1). The theme of oneness can be derived from the numerous inezces and forms of the number 1 throughout the poem. First, l(a contains both the number 1 and the singular indefinite article, a the second line contains the French singular definite article, le ll on the fifth line represents two ones one on the 7th line spells the number out the 8th line, l, isolates the number and iness, the last line, can mean "the state of being I" - that is, individuality - or "oneness", deriving the "one" from the lowercase roman numeral i (200). Cummings could have modify this poem drastically ("a pitch falls/loneliness"), and still conveyed the same verbal message, but he has altered the normal syntax in order that each line should show a one and highlight the theme of oneness. In fact, the whole poem is shaped like a 1 (200). The shape of the poem can also be seen as the path of a falling leaf the poem drifts down, flipping and altering pairs of letters like a falling leaf gliding, back and forth, down to the ground. The beginning l(a changes to le, and af flips to fa. ll indicat es a quick drop of the leaf, which has slowed by a longer line, one. Finally, the leaf falls into the pile of fallen leaves on the ground, delineated by iness. Cummings has written this poem so perfectly that every part of it conveys the message of oneness and individuality (200).In mortals), Cummings vitalizes a trapeze act on paper.

E. E. Cummings :: essays research papers fc

The Poetry of E. E. CummingsE. E. Cummings, who was born in 1894 and died in 1962, wrote many poesys with unconventional punctuation and capitalization, and unusual line, word, and even letter placements - namely, ideograms. Cummings most difficult form of prose is probably the ideogram it is extremely terse and it combines both visual and auditive elements. There may be sounds or char bringers on the page that cigaretnot be verbalized or cannot convey the same message if pronounced and not read. quaternity of Cummings poems - l(a, mortals), blac, and swi( - illustrate the ideogram form quite well. Cummings utilizes unique syntax in these poems in order to convey messages visually as well as verbally.Although one may think of l(a as a poem of sadness and loneliness, Cummings probably did not intend that. This poem is aboutindividuality - unification (Kid 200-1). The theme of oneness can be derived from the numerous inezces and forms of the number 1 throughout the poem. First, l( a contains both the number 1 and the singular indefinite article, a the second line contains the french singular definite article, le ll on the fifth line represents two ones one on the 7th line spells the number out the 8th line, l, isolates the number and iness, the last line, can mean "the state of being I" - that is, individuality - or "oneness", deriving the "one" from the lowercase roman numeral i (200). Cummings could have simplified this poem drastically ("a sky falls/loneliness"), and still conveyed the same verbal message, but he has altered the normal syntax in order that each line should show a one and highlight the theme of oneness. In fact, the whole poem is shaped like a 1 (200). The shape of the poem can also be seen as the path of a falling leaf the poem drifts down, flipping and altering pairs of letters like a falling leaf gliding, back and forth, down to the ground. The beginning l(a changes to le, and af flips to fa. ll indicat es a quick drop of the leaf, which has slowed by a longer line, one. Finally, the leaf falls into the pile of fallen leaves on the ground, delineate by iness. Cummings has written this poem so perfectly that every part of it conveys the message of oneness and individuality (200).In mortals), Cummings vitalizes a trapeze act on paper.

Keynesian and Classical economics

INTRODUCTIONThe general theory by Maynard Keynes states that the take of employment is determined by the marginal efficiency of capital, marginal propensity to consume and the reliable interest rates, he also the train of output and employment is determined by aggregate implore and that the aggregate demand can be change magnitude through an increase in government expenditure.Keynes and so advocated for government intervention in steering the economy while the spotless economist argued that the government should not interfere with the running of the economy, on unemployment according to Keynes theory this task could be resolved by the use of government policies, the two theorists differ in the causes and the solutions of unemployment, to the continent economists unemployment is caused by excess ply which is caused by high wage rates, high wage rates means depression demand and therefore this causes unemployment, therefore the stainless economist believe that the economy sh ould be left to adjust itself until an equilibrium is reached at full employment.Says law was developed by Jean Say who was a French businessman, according to this theory there cannot be demand without supply, according to this law a recession which is characterized by high unemployment is not caused by low demand or lack of property, however an increase in currency supply will result to inflation. The Says law therefore clearly identifies the difference between the Keynes theory and classical economists in their explanation of the economy.Classical Economists and Says lawClassical economist supports Says law that supply causes demand and that there is never over supply, the Law states that people will supply things to the economy so that they can get money to buy otherwise goods in the economy that are of the same value they have supplied. This is in line with the classical economists who argue that money does exist in an economy and that money will flow in the economy and this flow of money flows from the businesses to the people through paying jobs.The classical economist states that the price level is changed by the level of money supply, also that the amount of supply will always be at full employment such that producers will not change the level of supply but will adjust the price levels to achieve the required demand level, therefore because supply creates its own demand then in the commodious run the economy will be at equilibrium and this means very low or no unemployment.According to the Says law the classical economist therefore defined the model of the economy as follows P X Q = M X V, where P is the price level, Q is the bar of goods sold, M is the money supply and V is the velocity of money flow. As the level of money supply increases assuming that the level of money supply is constant then the price or the quantity of goods sold will increase. If on the other hand the money supply increases and assuming that the velocity level remains cons tant then the price level or the quantity demanded will rise, therefore our outcome for the model means that an increase in money supply is inflationally and that an increase in the velocity of money flow will lead to economic development.Keynes Theory and Says lawKeynesians dismisses Says law as a false statement, he argues that supply and demand should be separately analyzed, on supply Keynesians says that supply generates income, people will then consume this income, the largest portion of income goes to use of goods and services while the rest is saved, they analyzed the consumption levels of the income in terms of marginal propensity to consume which will rise as the level of income rises.The Keynesian economist therefore considered the model of the economy as Y = C + I + (X-M) where Y is income, C is consumption, I is the investment X is exports and M is imports. The model is further analyzed as C = (a + b Y) where a is the autonomous income level, b is the marginal propensit y to consume and Y is the income level.ConclusionWe can conclude that the Says law is the major difference between the Keynes theory and the classical economists, the classical economist support the Says law and also advocate for a free market economy while Keynes argues that the government can solve the problem of unemployment in an economy through an increase in spending to increase the aggregate demand that results to lower unemployment levels.ReferencesAlan Coddington (2003) Keynesian Economics The First Principles, Rout ledge publishers, USAlfred William (1991) The Classical Economists and Economic Policy, University of Michigan press, MichiganGeorge Douglas (1967) Macro-economic Theory A Mathematical Treatment, Macmillan publishers, USSteven Kates (2003) Two Hundred Years of Says Law Essays on Economic Theorys Most Controversial Principle, Edward Elgar Publishing, USJohn Fender (1981) Understanding Keynes An Analysis of the General Theory, Wiley publishers, US

Like Water For Chocolate by Laura Esquivel Essay

Recipes in the manage Water For Chocolate by Laura EsquivelThe kitchen has long been associated with the mandatory or compulsory servitude of wo workforce. b befooted and pregnant in the kitchen remains the nextly limiting of the stereotypically masculine preferred roles for women. Cecilia Lawless contends that culinary endeavors, like precheck bittion and creating or following conventions is traditionally considered a gendered discourse the womans domain, hence marginalized and on that pointfore non a discourse of em military groupment (Lawless 262).However, women writers around the globe are finding bare-assedfound power in the domestic domain of the kitchen by creating a in truth feminine discourse replete with recipes, cooking, and therapeutic female-to-female communication. Janice Jaffe claims that in particular, a number of Hispanic American and Latina women writers containm to be reclaiming the kitchen (Jaffe 218).Jaffes statement, validated by a 1984 conference d edicated to the writings of Latin American and Latina women entitled The Frying Pan by the Handle, supports the professionalclamation of the importance of the kitchen for all women writers. She goes on to describe the naming of The Kitchen Table Press in 1981, an U.S.-based organization for women of color. She explains that the name was chosen because the kitchen is the center of the home, the place where women in particular work and communicate with each other (219). The commonality among the above-mentioned works of women writers around the globe is that they are reclaiming the kitchen as a space of seminal power rather than confinement (219).The remarkable prominence of female authorship in culinary narratives can be attributed in part to the acknowledgement of a tradition recipe fiction provides a means by which women authors can pay homage to what they confirm received from their fore receives. That lineage belongs especially important for at presents society that has allo wed for the mass exodus of women from the kitchen. To twenty-four hourss economy demands that to achieve and maintain a comfortable standard of living, women must enter the workforce, on board their mates. This migration ultimately leaves little time for the culinary arts, as the experience of sustenance is largely reduced to the acquiring of basic sustenance.As a result, for many large number, food has lost its pleasure and intimacy, transposed as it is to fast-food reprieveaurants and micro wheel miracles. Once convenience foods had become the order of the day, however, culinary romances could function in a contrary trans moveion as a means of preserving the Epicurean arts and affirming a matriarchal realm. For both(prenominal) writers and readers, then, these narratives develop a means of both remembering and honoring the lives of our fore fusss as most of us hurry about from one meeting to the next, a Big Mac on a food tray, in our cars. (Lawless)In the like Water for Cho colate, Laura Esquivel begins each chapter with a list of ingredients for one particular recipe. She, however, does not index them, or any of the other recipes that she includes, and thus ensures that her book more near resembles a true cookbook journal than do those written by culinary writers. As the kitchen has traditionally been of little concern to men, very few of them birth written or participated in the entry of receipt collections and subsequently in culinary narratives.Their domain was, and largely still is, that of labour,6 though noticeable exceptions to this avoidance are the many world-class chefs who are male. Typically, without patriarchal history, men would go to work, while women would uphold at home and prepare the food. Until recently, this pattern has been fairly constant, men concur functioned exterior the home, and women have tended to function inside it. It is my opinion, then, as a consequence, when men wrote, they wrote about fragilegs they k clean about or desiredoften as not, those things outside the kitchen.This paper discusses such an example of the kind of culinary seatment and creative reclamation in Laura Esquivels magical realist novel, Like Water for Chocolate. In this text, Esquivel creates a character that has the power to induce emotional and personal reactions with the food she prepares. By means of mystical subconscious desires and commands. Esquivels protagonist affects the minds, hearts and bodies of those around her, and she besides elicits physical responses from her pro outpouring body. Denied the possibility of emotional jazz and physical, sexual experiences due to family tradition, Tita struggles to repress the desires of her body and heart by means of mental fortitude.By indention her mind against her body, Tita suffers internal chaos and turmoil, but her subconscious and her body doesnt let her submit or surrender. Only by freeing herself from familial restrictions that strained her to negate her physicality can Tita begin to develop to a sense individual agency and self. By interruption out of her cultural confines, she creates a impudently site of power for herself, one that will eventually unite her body, heart and mind into one complete and solely being, exercising total control of her deportment, her hit the hay and her destiny.Laura Esquivels novel of recipes and romance, a parody of the mid-nineteenth century womens magazines that included recipes, home remedies, and. often, sentimental novels in monthly installments (Ibsen 137), chronicles the birth, life and death of Josefita Tita de la Garza. Like Water for Chocolate begins with the story of how Tita precipitated her aver birth, a strong indication of her power as an individual.Tita was so sensitive to onions, any time they were being chopped, they submit she would just cry and cry when she was still in my great-grandmothers belly her sobs were so loud that even Nacha, the cook, who was half-deaf, could hea r them easily. Once her wailing got so tearing that it brought on an early labor. And before my great-grandmother could let out a word or even a whimper, Tita made her entrance into this world, prematurely, right there on the kitchen table amidst the smells of simmering noodle soup, thyme, bay leaves, and cilantro, steamed milk, garlic, and of course, onion. (Esquivel 5-6)However, shortly after her birth, the reader makes of Titas utter lack of power to direct her destiny. The book postulates that the soil Tita was already holler as she emerged, results from the feature that maybeshe knew then that it would be her lot in life to be denied marriage (6). Her mother decreed that as the youngest daughter, Tita was destined to remain unmarried and care for her mother, mammary gland Elena, until her death. Unfortunately for Tita this meant that she must resist her body and hearts desire to experience delight in (12).The novel, most frequently categorized as a parody, can also be cl assified as both Post forward-looking and Post-Revolutionary. It is Postmodern in its attempt to alloy and downstairsmine the epigraph addressed to Latina women To the table or to bed You must come when you are bid (Esquivel). Maria Elena de Valdes elaborates on the statement in this wayA verbal image emerges of the model Mexican rural middle class woman. She must be strong and far more clever than the men who supposedly protect her. She must be pious, observing all the religious requirements of a virtuous daughter, wife, and mother. She must exercise great care to keep her sentimental dealings as private as achievable and. most important of all, she must be in control of life in her house, which means essentially kitchen and bedroom, or food and sex. (de Valdes 86)In a similar vein. Joanne Saltz describes the historical context of the Post-Revolutionary novel by claiming that, the text is one in which the Mexican Revolution reverberates, overturning literary and tender conve ntions of form, the position of women in society, their mixer conduct and the regulation of their bodies, and at the same time debunking the feminist myth of the superwoman. (Saltz 30-1)In this atmosphere of change for Latina women in Mexican history, one must align oneself with either the traditional view of women and their place in society described by de Valdes, or the more modern position toward women as depicted by Saltz. The opening pages of Like Water for Chocolate follow a Postmodern/Post-Revolutionary. Mexican literary tendency to judge the fundamental aspects of the liberal hero/heroine as living a life of sacrifice, abnegation (denial of ones desires), martyrdom in the hope of vindication at some time in the future (Schaefer 83).That sacrifice and abnegation will be forever present in Titas life is evident by Mama Elenas decree, but Esquivel cues her reader that the character of Tita will also achieve martyrdom and vindication with her statement that. Tita did not submi t (Esquivel 11). Her subtle particle that Tita would not quietly agree with her mothers family tradition (11). promises to create underlying tension and open conflagration betwixt the two as Tita attempts to define the stifling traditional roles for women which Mama Elena so closely follows.In addition to the enforced celibate destiny (Lawless 262) of Tita, Mama Elena dominates and dictates almost every aspect of her pincerrens lives, as well as the management of the ranch house. Several examples of the matriarchs total domination and unquestionable authority appear throughout the novel. Tita remarks that, in the De la Garza family, one obeyed -immediately (Esquivel 12). When met with any form of disobedience. Mama Elena is quick to correct the offender, who is usually Tita.When presents with a suspiciously unruly look on her daughters face, Mama Elena read the look on her face and flew into a rage, giving Tita a tremendous slap that let her rolling in the dirt (27). Instances o f her physical and mental abuse consistently permeate the wide-cut work, and the character of Mama Elena is portrayed as efficiently violent and destructive. Tita relates that, unquestionably, when it came to dividing, dismantling, dismembering, desolating, detaching, dispossessing, destroying, or dominating. Mama Elena was a pro (97). Tita reveals the feelings of defeat and domination she experiences at the hands of her mother in the following passage.Mama Elena was merciless, killing with a single blow. But then again not always. For Tita she had made an exception she had been killing her a little at a time since she was a electric razor, and she still hadnt quite finished her off. (49)Tita despairingly attempts to gratify her mother to no avail no matter how hard Tita tried she always got an infinite number of things wrong (94). Mama Elenas strict affixation to cultural, traditional and familial mores, like those taught to all young Mexican girls from Carrenos manual of etique tte (39), serves as the primary antecedent of Titas servile confinement in the ranch house. Her mother is linked with the traditional. Europeanized version of middle class women in Mexico, a model that Tita cannot follow. In Mama Elenas defense, the reader later learns of the possible source of her tyrannical reign in the star sign. After her death, Tita discovers some old honor letters, while going through her mothers possessions.Apparently, the true love of Mama Elenas life was not her husband. Mama Elena had loved a black man, but propriety forbid their race. Upon learning the real reason for her mothers perpetual anger, Tita begins to understand what a wretched existence her mother led. Esquivel describes Titas newfound sympathy for her mother During the funeral Tita really wept for her mother.Not for the castrating mother who had quash Tita her entire life, but for the person who had lived a frustrated love (138). Enforcing her will upon her daughters is Mama Elenas attemp t to compensate for her own lack of sexual agency. When Tita learns of the source for her mothers anger and frustration, she sympathizes with her mothers plight. Unfortunately, this discovery comes only after Mama Elenas death. During her lifetime, Titas relationship with her mother is less like mother/daughter and more like master/servant.Faced with this unsatisfactory relationship with her mother, Tita turns to the indigenous Indian cook. Nacha, as a substitute mother, a infixed turn of events given that Nachas domain was the kitchen where Tita was born and cared for as an infant. Esquivel writes that, thanks to her unusual birth, Tita matte up a deep love for the kitchen, where she spent most of her life from the day she was born (6).When Mama Elenas milk dries up, it is Nacha who takes over the feeding of the baby girl who grew vigorously and healthy on a diet of teas and thin corn gruels (7). The narrator maintains that this explains the sixth sense Tita developed about every thing concerning food. and that the kitchen was Titas realm (7). When she is no longer allowed to play in the kitchen with her infants, Nacha became her only friend and playmate. with her time in the kitchen with Nacha, Tita receives the unconditional love that should have been provided by her mother. Indeed, Titas fondest memories of her time spent with Nacha include such maternal activities as the way she tissue her hair and tucked Tita in at night, took care of her when she was insane, and cooked what she craved (168). Nacha also serves as an invaluable teacher to Tita, who benefits from her culinary expertise, prowess with herbal remedies, and inventiveness with household tips. Within the narrative of the novel Nacha serves as the good mother substitute in contrast to the bad biological mother (Lawless 264).This binary serves to support Kristine Ibsens claim that the narration privilege the ancient oral tradition of female knowledge bequeathed to Tita by Nacha over the artifi cial rules of conduct, upheld by Mama Elena and reproduced by Rosaura (Ibsen 140). This oppositional relationship between the female knowledge of Nacha and Tita and artificial rules of conduct followed by Mama Elena and Rosaura produces numerous conflicts and volatile situations throughout the narrative, beginning with Rosauras wedding in Februarys installment.From her magical realist birth episode in Januarys installment of the novel, Tita subconscious powers increase in potency during the February chapter. In this chapter the reader first learns of Titas ability to influence the minds and bodies of others subconsciously through the food she prepares.Tita helps Nacha with the cooking, and obligingly assists with the preparation of the wedding feast for her older sister, Rosaura. Forbidden by Mama Elena to marry his true love (Tita), Pedro agrees to marry her older sister just to be near Tita. In despair and suffering from a broken heart, Tita weeps into the cake batter and later in to the curl of icing. Nacha tastes the icing to ensure that Titas salty tears have not affected the flavor. The flavor was unaffected, but surprisingly, Nacha was overcome with an intense appetite (Esquivel 34). She went to bed crying and was unable to get out of bed the next morning.Later that day, after eating the wedding cake, everyone at the reception was flooded with a great wave of longing (39), then they began weeping. Inexplicably, under some word form of strange intoxication all of the guests began collective vomiting (39). Rosaura accuses Tita of ruining her wedding day by insobriety her cake, but only Tita knows that she had added only one extra ingredient to the cake, the tears she had shed while preparing it (41).There was no corroboration for her story because Nacha dies overnight from remembered heartache her heart broken years before when Mama Elena refused to allow her to marry her own true love. The emotional state of Tita, made corporeal by her tears, transfe rred itself through the cake and into the hearts and bodies of those who ate it. As Lawless describes it, Tita herself has become incarnate in the food (Lawless 265). Titas ability to cause emotional and sexual longing in others subversively serves as a reminder of the bodily urges and corporeality that have been denied Tita.Yet, this preliminary experience of affecting other peoples emotions and bodies through her cooking appears to go unrecognized by Tita, who continues to prepare the familys meals. When her body is burning with unrequited love and lust for Pedro, she prepares kick in roseate petal behave using the roses that Pedro had given her as a gift. While handling the roses, Tita pricks herself on a thorn and her blood mixes with the sauce. As the family eats the dish that evening, Titas sister Gertrudis is sent into a state of overwhelming lust akin to spontaneous combustion. What follows equates to a psychological sexual experience between Tita and Pedro.On her the foo d seemed to act as an aphrodisiac she began to feel an intense heat pulsing through her limbs. An itch in the center of her body kept her from sitting properly in her chair. She began to sweat, imagining herself on horseback with her arms clasped around one of Pancho Villas men. She got her handkerchief and tried to wipe these sinful thoughts from her mind as she wiped out the sweat.But it was no use, something strange had happened to her. She turned to Tita for help, but Tita wasnt there, even though her body was sitting up quite properly in her chair there wasnt the slightest sign of life in her eyes. It was as if a strange alchemical process had dissolved her entire being in the rose petal sauce, in the tender flesh of the quails, in the wine, in every one of the meals aromas. That was the way she entered Pedros body, hot, voluptuous, perfumed, totally sensuous.With that meal it seemed they had discovered a new system of communication, in which Tita was the transmitter. Pedro th e receiver, and poor Gertrudis the medium, the conducting body through which the singular sexual message was passed. Pedro didnt offer any resistance. He let Tita penetrate him to the farthermost corners of his being, and all the while they couldnt take their eyes off each other. He said, Thank you. I have never had anything so exquisite. (Esquivel 51)In this rose petal episode, Titas powers to invade and affect the bodies of others bears a striking resemblance to the Catholic tradition of communion, de Valdes notes the significance of the encounter in this way This is clearly more more than communication through food or a mere aphrodisiac this is a form of transubstantiation whereby the rose petal sauce and quail have been turned into the body of Tita (de Valdes 87).When the body of Tita enters Pedro and Gertrudis, they are powerless to stop its effects on their own bodies. Gertrudis continues to suffer an internal burning heat, and she exudes the heavy, heady poke of roses. Whe n she attempts to take a shower stall in order to quell her burning desires, she sets the shower stall on fire. By coincidence, as she runs naked from the flaming shower stall, a rebel soldier in a nearby city following an irresistible scent of roses, rides in on horseback and sweeps her away with him.Gertrudis and Juan turbulently and skillfully make love on galloping horseback, enacting what Tita and Pedro could only dream of doing together. Held to strict cultural and familial standards that neither could breach, the two lovers continue to suppress their physical attraction for each other. The rose petal episode marks the escalation of Titas mystical subconscious ability to transfer her emotions into the food she prepares, which produces psychological and physical reactions in the bodies of the people who consume her culinary products.The episode also serves as a subversive parody of Catholic discourse, which is historically associated with the hierarchical dualism of mind and body, devaluing carnal appetites. Esquivel instead both acknowledges the authenticity of the female sex drive in women, who according to tradition, are asexual, and highlights the social conventions that punish women for acting on that drive (Saltz 35).In Aprils installment, Tita subconsciously influences her bodys reproductive processes when she miraculously produces breast milk for Pedro and Rosauras baby. Tita actually birthed Roberto as she was the only one present at the birth of her nephew (Esquivel 71), and she this instant falls in love with the shaver. Esquivel writes that, the babys cries filled all the empty space in Titas heart. She realized that she was feeling a new love for life, for this child, for Pedro, even for the sister she had despised so long (73).Rosaura falls very ill from the childbirth and cannot nurse Roberto. Unfortunately, the wet nurse they found for the child is killed after one months time. The baby desperately needs milk, and although she knew it was completely dry (76), Tita offers her sisters child her supposedly empty breast. Incredibly, the child sucks happily at Titas milk-giving breast, despite Titas incapacity to understand or believe what was happening. After all, it wasnt possible for an unmarried woman to have milk (76), but mysteriously, it was possible for Tita.In another subversive stab at Catholicism, Esquivel depicts the virgin Tita as the virgin mother Mary, able to produce a child and breast milk for that child without ever having known a man. Tita subconsciously wishes to be the childs mother so badly that her body responds rather appropriately by magically providing her with breast milk for the baby. In the same manner in which Nacha had taken over the maternal duties of Tita, so Tita acts as a substitute mother to Rosauras child it was as if the childs mother was Tita, not Rosaura.Thats how she felt and acted (78). Tita cares for Roberto as if he were her own child, hers and Pedros. After all, without he r mothers interference, she would be the wife of Pedro and the mother of Roberto. Having Roberto in her life made her subservient confinement to her mother bearable. She thinks to herself, What did her fate matter, when she had this child near her, this child who was as much hers and anybodys? Really, she did a mothers work without the official title, Pedro and Roberto were hers and that was all she needed (79).However, due to her mothers control, Tita fails to empower herself through her substitute motherhood. Mama Elena suspects that Pedro and Tita secretly have an indecent relationship, and she sends Pedro, Rosaura and Roberto away from the ranch. Without Titas breast milk, the child dies, and Tita is overcome with grief. She has nursed and mothered the child, but then she loses him completely.Interestingly, Tita equates the passing game of the child with the destruction of the only place she feels an element of control the kitchen. When she learns of Robertos death, she felt t he household crashing down around her head and hears the sound of all the dishes breaking into a thousand themes (99). When Mama Elena scolds Tita for having a reaction to the news and commands, First work, then do as you please, except crying, do you hear? (99). Tita brazenly confronts her mother for the first time in her life.Tita felt violent agitation take possession of her being still fingering the sausage, she calmly met her mothers compliments and then, instead of obeying her order, she started to tear apart all the sausages she could reach, screaming wildly.Heres what I do with your orders Im sick of them Im sick of obeying you (99)Suffering greatly from grief and depression and a broken nose at the angry hands of Mama Elena, Tita crawls up into the dovecote and has a breakdown. The entire June installment describes her time of healing with the help of Dr. John cook. Tita refuses to speak for six months, and when questioned by the doctor as to why she wouldnt speak to him , Tita uses a piece of phosphorus to write the words, Because I dont want to (118).The narrator applauds Titas initial attacks at selfhood when she informs the reader that, With these words Tita had taken her first dance step toward freedom (118). Only by breaking the stifling rules of conduct and doing what she wants to do instead of what she should do, will Tita develop a sense of self and control over her life. John proves to be of invaluable assistance to Tita during her period of convalescence in his home. His saintly patience with her. coupled with the comforting presence of his grandmothers skin senses, a Kikipu Indian, help Tita regain a sense of stability, inner strength, and an eagerness to live outside the confines of her mothers convent-like ranch house.Her first step toward freedom, away from her mother and toward selfhood, appears to be short-lived when Tita, who has recently agreed to marry John, leaves the safety and security of his home and returns to the ranch t o care for her ailing mother.Mama Elena is so embittered by what she considers to be Titas blatant disobedience and dishonor to the family that every morsel of food prepared by Tita leaves an unbearably bitter taste in her mouth. To antagonize the supposed poisoning of her food, Mama Elena drinks large quantities of ipecac syrup every day, which soon brings about her death. Knowing the misery of her mothers life of unrequited love and unfulfilled corporeal desires. Tita swore in front of Mama Elenas tomb that come what may, she would never renounce love (138).Little did she know that Tita would soon test her own proclamation. Mama Elenas death brings Pedro and Rosaura, who is pregnant with her second child, back to the ranch. Tita, engaged to John, still madly loves Pedro, who confesses his love for her. Pedro rationalizes with Tita that now that Mama Elena was dead, they could have a relationship. Tita and Pedro do consummate their love, despite Pedros marriage to Titas sister and despite Titas engagement to John Brown. Soon after their first erotic love encounter in the bathing room of Mama Elena, Tita begins to suspect that she is pregnant.At this point in the novel, Tita again exercises incredible subconscious influence and control over her body when she causes her body to spontaneously abort the lovechild. Corresponding to the condition of her pregnancy, the ghost of Mama Elena appears to berate Tita and her behavior. Mama Elenas ghost curses Tita, her behavior and the unborn child she carriesWhat you have done has no name You have forgotten all morality, respect, and good behavior. You are worthless, a good-for-nothing who doesnt respect even yourself. You have blackened the name of my entire family, from my ancestors down to this cursed baby you carry in your belly (173)Titas problems are only compounded when she tells Pedro of her pregnancy, who is thrilled to learn that he and Tita would soon have a child together. He proposes that they run away toge ther, but Tita cannot bring herself to hurt her sister and niece by abandoning them that way. She also felt perpetual fear that any minute some awful punishment was going to descend on her from the great beyond, courtesy of Mama Elena (198).Indeed, the spirit of Mama Elena again descends on Tita to mock her situation and remind her of her indecency and unthinking immorality. When Tita confronts the ghost of her mother, she finally rids herself of her mothers presence and her antiquated traditional ideals of propriety by telling the ghost that she hates her. As soon as Tita frees herself from the confining restrictions of her mothers domination, she experiences a spontaneous and sudden miscarriage/menstruation.As the ghost faded away, a sense of relief grew inside Titas body. The inflammation in her belly and the pain in her breasts began to subside. The muscles at the center of her body relaxed, loosing a violent menstrual flow.The discharge, so many days late, relieved all her pain s. She gave a deep peaceful sigh. She wasnt pregnant. (200)The act empowers her in two ways. First, by eradicating the remnants of her mothers dominion over her. Tita has simultaneously provided herself with a temporary reprieve from the impending disastrous effects that her pregnancy would have had on the rest of her family. Secondly. Tita rejects the biological maternity of Mama Elena, in essence aborting herself from her dead mothers womb. Her psyche directed her corporeal reproductive functions by eliminating the problems associated with her pregnancy. Without this impediment, Tita and Pedro continue their relationship, under an agreement made with her sister to keep their relationship hidden from Esperanza, the second child of Pedro and Rosaura, and the rest of the community.Their love affair lasts for many years, and culminates on the wedding day of Esperanza and Alex, the son of Dr. Brown. As usual, Tita prepares the meal for the feast, and labors terrifically to make chiles in walnut sauce. After many clandestine and secretive years, Tita and Pedro have finally fulfilled their distribute of the terms of discretion now that Mama Elena and Rosaura were dead, and Esperanza would be leaving the family home.Upon her departure, Tita and Pedro would be free to love each other openly. This thought plays upon Titas mind as she prepares the chiles, and after eating them, the guests at the reception become incredibly amorous toward their partners. Tita and Pedro especially felt this condition. They knew that for the first time in their lives they could make love freely (242).Entering the dark room, which has been prepared for the lovers by the caring ghost of Nacha, the two are overcome with passion. For Tita, their lovemaking brings her to the brink of the brilliant cut into that John had warned her about. During her stay with Dr. Brown.Tita learns of his grandmothers theory concerning the spark of life in each of us in which she said that, each of us is born with a stripe of matches inside us but we cant strike them all by ourselves we need oxygen and a candle to help. In this case, the oxygen, for example, would come from the snorkel breather of the person you love the candle could be any kind of food, music, caress, word, or sound that engenders the explosion that lights one of the matches. (115)This theory comes with a strong caution from Dr. Brown in which he warns against lighting all the matches at once because they would produce a splendor so dazzlingand then a brilliant tunnel would appear before our eyes, revealing the path we forgot the moment we were born, and summoning us to regain the divine origin we had lost (117). If an individual were to light all the matches, see the tunnel, and follow its path, the body would die. Because she wanted to explore these emotions many more times, Tita checked her passion (243). Unfortunately, the lovemaking so consumes and enthralls Pedro that he died at the moment of ecstasy (244). as certain not to be left alone, Tita decides to join him.She remembers the lesson taught to her by John and exercises mental control to bring about the desired physical condition death. She eats candles and envisions the times she and Pedro spent together, their first kiss, the first caress, the first time they made love (245). Engaging in this suicidal mental masturbation, she reignites the flame inside of herself achieving an amorous rising tide (245), and joins Pedro who stands waiting for her in a tunnel of light. Love triumphs in death because, Never again would they be apart (245).Just as she induced her own birth, Tita instigates her own death, exercising total control over her body, her love and her destiny. She unites the emotional, mental and physical factors of her being in order to achieve a self-determined level of contentment in her life. The struggle for Titas has been arduous and exacting to the point of her death, but she acknowledges that fulfilling ones desires wa s an effort worth taking.Life had taught her that it was not easy there are few prepared to fulfill their desires whatever the cost, and the right to determine the course of ones own life would take more effort than she had imagined. That battle she had to fight alone, and it weighed on her. (168)In this statement, Esquivel echoes the historical Post-Revolutionary realization of many Latina women writers that social change so often requires individual sacrifice (Schaefer xiv). The realization followed social disillusionment with Utopian promises for healing both physical and psychological wounds (xiii). Through her powerful and empowered presence in the kitchen, Tita creates a lasting narrative, which becomes a sort of recipe, a how-to book on surviving a mothers tyranny, or finding love in the midst of familial and social struggle, or returning to the paradiscal home (Lawless 263).Once denied the body and its pleasures, Tita ultimately owns and controls her body and its functions, refusing to quietly submit to cultural constructs and restraints. Through the use of magical realisms fogged boundaries, Esquivel creates for Tita a new terrainnot a room of ones own, not a merely public or private self, or a domestic realm it is a space in the imagination which allows for the inside, the outside, and the liminal elements of in between (268-9).For Tita, it is a space that allows her to be a whole, unified, balanced woman. In this way, Tita creates a new self, one comprised of equilateral elements of mind, heart and body, which contribute to a condition of self-satisfaction as a being of both corporeal and psychological desires. However, the fact that her self-creation can only be found in death negatively impacts the suggested availability of personal freedoms for women.Is it only in death that women can be truly free of cultural and familial restrictions and demands? Some would agree, but others envision alternatives. Ibsen claims that by proclaiming women as a s ource of energy in their own right, the absolute of the ascendent order are undermined and an alternate order is posited (Ibsen 143). In Laura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate, the dominant order of the hierarchy of mind versus body is displaced, and replaced with a balanced, fulfilled, and whole woman who refuses to submit passively to rules that dont apply to her.By including recipes within texts such as Like Water for Chocolate, authors invite the reader to become a part of a specialized community. By sharing her secrets with the audience, the author establishes a level of communication and trust that rises above mere reader response, permitting the reader potentially to take what the author has written and prepare the very meal described in the text s/he has just read. In this recipe sharing, audience participation can move to a whole new level.If the reader were to prepare one of the prescribed dishes and to enjoy the food, one could argue that she would possibly appreciate the book more because its sensory pleasure would then have transcended the limitations of the written text and moved onto the palate and provoked further association. Conversely, should the reader be disappointed with the meal, it is also possible that the readers enjoyment of the text could be significantly diminished. Thus in allowing the text to become inter-active, the author redefines the boundaries between text and reader.As the majority of culinary narratives are written by women and are by and large for women, a distinctive feminine voice emerges from these texts, allowing for the creation of a female literary vehicle. This vehicle provides a means to tell the female experience and combined with its inclusion of recipes and cooking instructions, is gradually becoming a popular and innovative new form of writing.ReferencesEsquivel, Laura. (1992). Like Water for Chocolate. A Novel in Monthly Installments, with Recipes, Romances, and Home Remedies. Trans. Carol Christensen and Thomas Christensen. New York Doubleday.Ibsen, Kristine. (1995). On Recipes, Reading, and Revolution Postboom Parody in Como agua toad para chocolate. Hispanic Review 63.2 133-46.Jaffe, Janice. (1993). Hispanic American Women Writers Novel Recipes and Laura Esquivels Como agua para chocolate Womens Studies 22.2 217-30.Lawless, Celia. (1997). Cooking, Community, Culture A Reading of Como agua para chocolate In Recipes for Reading. Community, Cookbooks, Stories, Histories, ed. Anne L. Bower. Amherst University of Massachusetts Press.Saltz, Joanne. (1995). Laura Esquivels Como agua para chocolate The doubting of Literary and Social Limits. Chasqui 30-37.Schaefer, Claudia. (1992). Textured Lives Women, Art and Representation in Modern Mexico. Tuscon and London U ARIZ Press.Valds, Mara Elena de. (1995). Verbal and Visual representation of Women Como agua para chocolate/Like water for Chocolate. World Literature Today 69.1 78-82.

Was Public Health Better in the Roman Era or the Middle Ages?

In my opinion, the Romans had superior public health, as they had lots better sanitation and plumbing systems, which were in the Middle Ages available solely in monasteries, rather than entire t bears. This was due to the fact that the Romans infrastructure and methods of treatment were more developed than Medieval ones, as well as the fact that the Roman political relation were far more involved in the health of their citizens than later rulers, who found war and developing trade far more important, and viewed civilians health as their own responsibility.The Roman towns were also much better planned and built than those in the Middle Ages, which often placed wells and sources of drinking and bathing water in close proximity to cesspits and sewers, which led to infected water and cholera and typhoid outbreaks. Furthermore, many Medieval streets were filled with filth, such as sentient being carcasses, human and animal excrement, waste from butchers and tanners, and many more source s of disease, as bacteria could grow freely and infect state very easily.As well as this, there were also very poor food standards, and it was not unusual for dishonest meat sellers to sell low-quality meat which could have caused disease, although a law was instated, decreeing that distributors of bad meat would be locked in the pillory. The Romans also had better waste disposal and water transportation systems, which allowed people to obtain clean drinking water, although there may still have been a risk of illness, as most pipes were made of lead, which is toxic.Their medical skills were also slightly better than those of Medieval doctors, as most Roman doctors were much better instruct and taught about natural causes of disease, which gave them a considerable advantage over the mostly Church-educated doctors of the Middle Ages, who believed more extensively in supernatural ideas and religion-based methods of prevention and treatment of disease.An sheath of this is the Black Death, which killed 50 000 people in Europe, and was spread very quickly due to poor sanitation, ineffective cures, which would in many cases have made the long-suffering worse, such as ingesting bile or faeces, or relying solely on prayers or religious ideas, rather than actively seeking a reliable cure, which was impossible without a knowledge of the true cause of diseases, although they did attempt to limit its spread by locking up houses which were infected with the disease. However, the Roman Empire was also ill quipped to deal with plagues, such as the one which occurred in AD 80, and claimed hundreds of lives. However, public health in the Middle Ages did have some benefits the towns often employed people such as gong farmers and muck rakers to survey and clean the streets to prevent disease, and remove sewage, although it was not possible to employ enough to maintain the cleanliness. The Romans had a interchangeable system which worked to much greater advantage. Medieval towns also developed regulations and fines for littering and dirtying the streets, although these could not be easily enforced.As well as this, the rich were happy to support the fines and continue to deposit refuse in the streets. Moreover, near the end of the Dark Ages, butchers were banned from working in the inner city, which prevented pollution and assisted in tutelage the streets clean. In conclusion, I believe that public health was much better under Roman rule, although the Medieval government did endeavour to improve the situation (albeit without much success. ) This is further evidenced by the average life expectancy in each era it fell from 42 in the Roman era to 35, proving that standards had dropped dramatically since the Roman period.

Communicating with Children Essay

Communication is fundamental to development (Crow et al, 2008, p. 11). This essay will therefore critically discourse how certain factors backside affect communicating and how practicians may be able to over jazz these prohibitions in their daily practice. It will begin with a definition of chat, and then state some of the different ways we conduct on a daily basis. It will move on to explain the importance of these interactions, and illuminate how ethnic, social, surroundal and activated factors can create barriers and affect communication with small fryren.Finally, it will consider ways practitioners can commence better at communicating with the youngsterren they work with. The leger communication basically substance to shargon and its desired outcome is understanding. It is a part of our basic drive to form relationships and is based on theoretical friendship, cultural understanding and experience (Crow et al, 2008, p. 7). It involves an interchange of thoughts, opin ions, or information (www. efinitions. net/definition/communication) which argon transmitted by body speech communication, touch, audience, tone of voice, gesture, playing, observing, reassuring, explaining and confering (Crow et al, 2008, p. 7). Effective communication can be beneficial to children and their welf are as it allows them to gain an identity, develop psychologically and intellectually, form and sustain social relationships, and express themselves emotionally.However, transmission channels between adults and children are not always straightforward, resulting in barriers to their communication skills which can gain confusion, discrimination, alienation, or create problems (Crow et al, 2008, p. 7). One much(prenominal) barrier is seen due to cultural differences. Through good communication, children learn the social rules of non-verbal communication, which includes body language and gestures.Learning these social rules are infixed in order to communicate compete ntly, however, communication is socially constructed, and body language and gestures therefore bear different meanings between and within cultures. The differences within sub-cultures are due to language acquisition, linguistic differences or adifferent m otherwise tongue (Crow et al, 2008, p. 30). It is also not uncommon for children to develop their own language and signs through the riding habit of modern technology.This, on the one hand, is a positive aspect of communication, as developing bilingually can lead to future success, and technology allows for innovation and promotes relationships, but, not all children are as resilient as each other, and learning two languages at once, be that spoken or sign language, can confuse them a great deal. New forms of communication can also be confusing for practitioners with infinitesimal experience of modern technology, which can lead to a reluctance to communicate and socialise, especially between generations.Cultural differences can therefore inhibit as swell as influence communication (Crow et al,2008, p. 0) with children. Socialisation is of great importance for communication with children. Gerhardt (2004, cited in Crow et a. , 2008, p. 11) claims that it should start from birth because communication between carer and baby plays a key role in the development of the infants brain. These first dydadic relationships and further experiences of socialisation contribute crucially towards a childs communication progress as they allow for empathic responses, interpretation of non-verbal communication and the understanding of emotions at a later stage.Children who are not communicated with as babies are reported to suffer restricted brain growth and global delay (Crow et al, 2008, p. 12) due to deprivation of social hitting and care. This can create a barrier to their acquisition of language. Be that as it may, not all children experience dydadic relationships, and they still learn to communicate. Hart and Risleys ( 1995, cited in Crow et al, 2008, p. 12) observational study of communication amongst families apprises that the rate of language acquisition depends on socio-economic status, and that the richer the family, the richer the vocabulary.The nature/nurture debate therefore seems at large here in that babies may have an unlearned predisposition to learn spoken language but that it is their experience of communication and articulation with key members in their environment that shapes / hinders their capacity to learn. A positive environment can therefore promote communication with children however, a childs environment can also be of hindrance in numerous other ways. Children with sensory sensitivities, especially those diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), can face profound barriers which could affect their communication.This is due to difficulty processing everyday sensory information in flashy/lively so called child friendly classrooms. These children, by not universe ab le to cope with all the information surrounding them are likely to become anxious, stressed, cross, or even feel physical pain which can result in challenging behaviour due to their failure to communicate their emotions. There is a clear physiological explanation for this behaviour in that the perception of threat causes the release of the hormones cortisol and adrenalin which block cognitive and memory processes and trigger the fight, trajectory or freeze reaction (Crow et al, 2008, p. 4).It is not only the communication of children diagnosed with ASD that are affected by emotions though. Children who have experienced neglect, abuse or who are being bullied can all suffer in silence. Furthermore, the emotions of practitioners themselves can have an impact on communication with children. If practitioners are angry, sad or not feeling themselves, their emotions and means of logical thinking can become impaired. Practitioners therefore need to find better ways of communicating with c hildren, especially those who face particular barriers on a daily basis.A starting point would be to acclimatise themselves with what studies of communication skills and processes have suggested vital to model in work with children (Crow et a. , 2008, p. 22), namely expressive skills, listening skills and process skills. Expressive skills are vital to convey messages to others so that they understand what is being communicated. These skills involve facial expressions and body language. Listening skills involve the total opposition to expressive skills, and requires the listener to obtain and understand the messages and information conveyed by the other person.Both these sets of skills are important as they allow the practitioner to understand how they come across to others and to read emotions. Process skills are needed to manage communication, and they essentially help the practitioner to make appropriate choices, retrieve information/ knowledge or collect necessary tools in an o rderly manner in order to interact with a child. Practitioners need to be very aware of their expressive skills and classifiable use of language, especially in light of cultural diversity.As Valerie Daniel (The unsolved University, 2013 a) stated, body language says a lot, and alongside gesture, it bears distinct meanings between cultures. nerve center contact is one significant area of concern. It is one of the most forthright modes of communication, and where and how you look at soulfulness can alter the interaction. Staring at someone you are communicating with can cause that person to feel uneasy, yet it is important to look at him/her in order to show that you are paid attention.Some cultures however discourage eye contact all together, and claim it is a form of rudeness. Particular use of language can also cause distinctions between children, for example one saturnine pupil commented that around the school when its white boys its a group but when its black boys its a gan g and I think its wrong(London Department Agency, 2004 cited in Crow et al, 2008, p. 16). It is important therefore that practitioners take care in their use of language as what people hear influences their perception (Kay and Kempton, 1984, cited in Crow et al, 2008, p. 5), and perceptions and understanding shapes the experience of others.Practitioners therefore should use their process skills to gain cultural knowledge in order to be aware of the different implications of expressions and language before judging the actions of a child, as judgments are always based on personal experience. In doing so they can develop a rapport based on respect, and open up communication pathways so that children can develop their own communication skills and understanding of their society and culture (Crow et a. , 2008, p. 1) As communication methods develop, experience indicates that practitioners need to prioritise ways of communicating their services through modern technology.According to Turne r (2003, cited in Crow et al, 2008, p. 11), one attribute children saw in an inadequate practitioner was that they are not evoke. It is therefore important for practitioners to engage as much as possible with children and young peoples interests in order to get them to participate and communicate openly, rather than become introvert due to frustration over lack of understanding.Some may argue that information technology is damaging childrens tycoon to communicate articulately and effectively (Crow et al. , 2008, p. 38). Nonetheless, as Vikki Butler (The Open University, 2013, b) suggests, no one wants to participate in something thats not relevant to them, and in directlys technological age, it is modern technology that is embedded in childrens lifeworlds. Despite lack of training opportunities and funding, practitioners need to find a way of familiarising themselves with childrens culture.Children in turn will learn to respect practitioners for their interest and for not dismis sing their innovative skills (Crow et al, 2008, p. 38), allowing communication and socialisation through the formation of collaborations. Providing opportunities for socialisation through group interactions could further develop practitioners communication with the children they work with as it allows the chance to ask open ended questions, which demand reactions longer than single word answers.Practitioners moldiness not however ask too many questions in their quest to extend learning, as children tend to become wary and refuse to open up. Practitioners mustiness also make use of their listening skills by listening to the childs intent as well as content, not interrupting them and reflecting empathetically on their answers in order to show the child that they are interested in what they have to say. A group interaction such as circle cadence is a good method to improve both childrens and practitioners communication.It must be based on interests though because when children are in terested in what they do, you will be surprised at what they achieve (Valerie Daniel, The Open University, 2013, a). Ground rules of considerate communication must be set however, and these could be negotiated together as a group, but in the long run could result in helping children with their concentration, taking turns to speak, thinking before expressing their thoughts and listening to each other, essential skills of communication for all, especially those who missed out on being spoken to as babies.Practitioners can also provide younger children the chance to communicate and socialise through play. Play allows the practitioner a myriad of opportunities to gain knowledge regarding a childs understanding of the world (Crow et al, 2008, p. 33). It also allows time to detect how a child feels at any given time. Further experience indicates that by providing toys such as puppets, toy animals or dressing up clothes, the practitioner provides the child with a means of expression in a safe environment, allowing him/her to detach themselves from an emotional situation.This can also be seen on the DVD material, (The Open University, 2013, b) where the child, an elective mute, used karaoke machines and puppets as a medium of communication. Ensuring safe havens would therefore promote practitioners communication methods with children who place importance on feeling safe. Children often suggest that practitioners could provide security by recognizing bullying as a real problem among pupils (The Open University, 2013, b). Practitioners could therefore prioritise emotional literacy by providing ways of expressing emotions such as placing bully boxes in classrooms.Ensuring equal opportunities between boys and girls would see the practitioner as being fair, which is an important issue during childhood. They could also ensure that every child feels valued at the setting by simply being friendly or by showing care and support for them. This could be done by a simple hand on the shoulder or reciprocating spontaneous hugs (The Open University, 2013, a), however practitioners, especially males, need to be aware of policies and the implications of touch, as contact can be misinterpreted.Actions must therefore always be above any criticism. Nonetheless, allowing a means of safety and ensuring a place where a child feels content can inhibit frustrations and improve a childs self-esteem. This can only lead to better communication channels with practitioners. Cultural, social, environmental and emotional factors can therefore create barriers and affect childrens communication. Still, as communication is a social construct, the extent to which it is inhibited depends on time and place.Practitioners, through knowledge of vital skills can alleviate these barriers in order to assist children suppress their frustrations and emotions, and develop their communication skills along the way. Simultaneously, practitioners gain an insight into the way they are perceive d, allowing them to reflect and become better communicators with the children with whom they work. As already stated therefore, communication is vital for development (Crow et al, 2008, p. 11), however it is now clear that it has been, presently is, and will be evenly vital to the progress of both children and practitioners in the future.

My Papa

Reflective Essay by Liam Shortall Visiting popping It was March 2011, and my Dad and I had just been to pick up my brand new trombone from the Rath mill in Huddersfield and were heading towards Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital to visit my grandfather. He had just had been through quadruple bypass heart surgery at the cranky age of 79. My grandfather, or Papa, had been suffering from acute pain in the heart, and severe exhaustion the daily stroll to the shop had now become an impossible task. afterward being examined by his local GP on a regular basis for a few months, he was admitted to Liverpool for this major operation.My grandfather was immensely discreet and at one point almost refused treatment. One week into his stay, my Dad went with my Uncle Richard to visit him. He was extremely humbled he didnt know his location and how want he had been there. My Nana had kept my Dad and Uncle informed in regard to his condition but in visiting him they soon suck upd that she had n ot revealed the full finish of his ill health. After this particular visit my Dad didnt really seem himself, he seemed anxious and constantly on edge, a complete opposite to his common joking self. My papa must have been in a dreadful state.Previous to my visit to Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital (LHCH) we had been to pick up my new trombone, I was ecstatic. Finally I was getting the instrument that I had being dreaming of for, what felt like forever. And after so many sleepless nights too, the day was in the long manoeuvre here But my happiness was short-lived, I wasnt to know of the severity of Papas condition and my heart soon sank when we entered the infirmary. As soon as I walked though the hospital doors, I seemed to feel even colder than I did outside on this winter day it was so clinical and unwel approaching.Suddenly I felt very uncomfortable in this new environment never have I felt so selfish and guilty. After hiking through this never-ending maze of wards, through t he different sounds and noises coming from various wards, we entered the room my Papa was recovering in. I briefly looked around, noticing my Nana standing in the corner of the room with an exhausted and worried expression on her face, trying to pluck a smile. We walked over to the whap in which my Papa lay looking still and weak with his eyes closed. He ad all sorts of pipes and tubes entering his thin body, and a never ending metronome of multiple beeping sounds came from various machines that had been plumbed into him. This bruising sight still stays with me today. Gently laying her hand on his arm and thrill him softly, my Nana attempted to wake Papa up. He opened his eyes until they were open just enough to glance over at us. He then muttered something that I couldnt understand. He seemed to vaguely recognise who his son was, but when he looked me it was as though he hadnt seen my before in his life, as though I was merely a stranger at his bedside.Nana explained to us that as a result of his surgery and strong medication he was becoming exceedingly confused and exhausted. My increasingly distressed Nana seemed at an all time low and she had lost all hope for Papa. My Dad had managed to have a half conversation with his Papa, he told me. He said that Papa would say a few words and then stop for breath. Nana then gingerly pulled back the bed sheets that lay on top of him and revealed his chest. There was a large, very noticeable scar surrounded by a sea of black bruises which covered his chest. I stared at my Papa for a while.The Papa I knew so well was so warm hearted, lively and full of humour, so different to the man lying in the bed in front of me . A lump had developed in my throat and my vision became blurry. I blinked and could feel the sting of a single tear run down my cheek. The feeling of not being recognised by someone you know so well and have so many fond memories with, was unfathomable. wise to(p) there was nothing I could do to help so meone that we loved and cared about so much made us all feel so incredibly helpless. As visiting hours came to a close we said our goodbyes to Papa, hoping for the best for his health, but dreading the worst.He of course was too delusional to reply, which felt so demoralising as he always would make a fuss of us leaving after a visit. Nana then walked us back to the car park. She, understandably wanted to get back to my Papas bedside. So we awkwardly said goodbye to her and wished her and Papa the very best. Visiting my Papa in hospital affected me in more(prenominal) ways than I ever imagined it would have. Looking back on this experience I realise how important it was and how much of a turning point it was in my life. It made me realise how much we take our loved ones for granted, and how harsh the reality of life actually is, and how precious it is also.I realised how much of an influence my Papa had had on my upbringing. Many of the features of my personality are related to my Papa and his character, which made the worry of something sinister happening so much more awful. It also made me realise the ignorant and selfish attitude I had before this emotional day. And to think how lucky I, and the majority of us actually are. I believe most of us take our good health for granted. And we dont realise how good we have it compared to others who are in dreadful states, when their personalities are often unrecognisable.

Economic History and Current India Essay

There yield been recent studies of the entire history of the economy of india where it is possible to ananlyse where india stood its place in past and where it is currently held. Paul Birog made a thorough analysis of Asian countries GDP economic development of 1750-1918 where surprisingly the findings in 1700AD drawn economic statistics of land . China had 32. 8% GDP where as as india had 25% . UK at that magazine had 1. 8% GDP along with 1% GDP in USA.By the time of 1900 there was a good reversal of paradigm shift where US and UK had GDP growth of 41% whereas China and India suffered 1. 7% GDP over all told. The western search shows that india was a economic lusus naturae . London economist Angus Madisson in 1990, one of the greatest british economist of all time was appointed by the OECD nations to verify Paul Birogs research along with different levels of assistances from different countries. Eventually in 2010 he published a 2000 year economy of India where it showed from 1AD India topped thed world with 34% GDP.Still in 1000AD it had 28% GDP. In the years 1500 and 1600 china overtakes india. Again in 1700 india overtakes china and finally the entire crash of the Indian economy began later in 1750s where the british colonial overlords landed in the country and started looting the country and exploiting its resources. The OECD website refers in the world economic history and millennium perspective lists out all these information which bear been quoted before. It is one of the most trusted and relied upon website to refer to the statistics of the world economies.Although the word ordination is absent completely in western rules of order where Marg atomic number 18t Thatcher express in 1971, that there is nothing called as society. And today all the western accepts today is the alternate version of so called civil society. Now civil society is totally different from the traditional society where it can be suggested that it is a form of anti society. Civil society which is the current western reduce is based on social contractual theory, which all the institution are based including out democratic government where each citizen is recognized as co-citizen in country rather than mutual brotherhood based society.For eg. In USA, in Philedelphia, a Son can file a case against his own pick up for divorce of relationship and can achieve his claim since there is no cultural society, it is a civil society where 2 people are viewed as co-citizens rather with any blood and brotherly relationship. The complete western understanding, their institutions, sociology, individualism, constitutional theory of west does not recognize normal basic human relationship. unless whereas our Indian society has always been working entirely on human relations since the ages of time where india showed a huge economic superpower with traditional society. today since Indian government which is puppying around the western ideology fail to realize that they are taking the economy of the nation into a huge catastrophy. In 1993, when Manmohan Singh was the finance minister invited jagadish bhagavati a neo economist from USA, who formed the entire Duncan WTO treaty for the situation crisis in india with its economic situation. He suggested that the problem with Indian people is that they are saving more than need which comes around 23%GDP,out of which 19 % GDP were only saved by Indians.His advise included to bring down the nest egg of the people by different means of taxations and other techniques to 9-10%. Out of which this 9 -10% should only be focused on food, shelter like basic necessarily and increase productions by employing more people and made a whole theory model on that. His theory on Indian situation verbalize that unless you destroy the family saving of the Indian people and bring it down to half of it, there was no chance of development. He also made a research on the Indian families that Indian woman played a vital rol e in taking hold of the savings of her family expenditures.So his ideas proposed to change the genius of the reserved family woman to consumer based woman where she can be advertised to spend more of our money and change the family structure symmetrically in Indian society. In western society there is no propensity to save money assets, thus as a result many families are destroyed. straightaway 51% Americans are single parent family, out of which 41% children are born to unwed mothers, 20% born for school going children. 51% of the American people are dependent on government support on life insurance, health support etc. where as Indian people have always been dependent on society.Moreover the western economy is build on contractual interest based constitutional society which has led to time bomb ticking economy is USA and other European countries. Today the present scenario has changed the entire habitual thinking process of the people in India. They have a huge affiliated love t owards the western society and its features less realizing the suicidal catastrophic and destructive features of its empire. The govt. in India always claim to be globalizing with the world but in reality, india is Americanizing by focusing only on American economic model.There are other traditional society based economies like Japan and germany wherr they instead of manipulating the crowd, they motivate their savings in their family and encourage only the financial institutions to put up money in trades of stock market. There is a huge commonality between the german or Japanese structure of economic history of rich cultural based society which our country could have adopted for the people but current democractic model is partially by the people but it has terribly failed to be for the people by inviting the civil society in our country.Indian economies,constitutions, institutions,sociology, philosophy, education etc all are based on the government economic blueprint of those same p eople who looted the country, colonized it and past destroyed the Indian GDP. CONCLUSION There are fraternity based economic models in this world with which we share commonality and our ideas should be to have a wider understanding of the world with whom we relate culturally and socially and only then our economic model can be aligned to them to achieve prosperity and relaxation in our country.

Allotropes of Carbon Essay

Allotropes atomic number 18 the existence of an element in more than one form. Carbon is one of the elements that contain many another(prenominal) allotropes. Each allotrope of one C has its avow different properties. The allotropes of degree centigrade are diamond, plumbago, fullerenes, snow nanotubes, carbon nanobuds, amorphous carbon, glassy carbon, lonsdaleite, and carbon nanofoam.Diamond is the best know allotrope of carbon. It is the hardest known natural mineral which makes it in truth rough. In the structure of the diamond, each carbon atom is covalently trammel neted to four other carbon atoms and has a tetrahedral shape, meaning it is a nonpolar molecule. Diamond has a really melting point and has a density of 3.51 grams per cubic centimeter.Graphite is the second allotrope of carbon. Its atoms of carbon are arranged in layers. Within each layer of carbon atoms, the atoms join to form six-membered rings and each carbon atom is connected to threesome others. Two o f the three bonds is a single covalent bond and the other bond is a double covalent bond. Graphite is very soft and slippery because the layers are not chemically bonded and can slide all over the other. Graphite similarly has electrical conductivity and is less dense than Carbon since its density is 2.22 grams per cubic centimeter.A third allotrope of carbon is the fullerenes. Each atom is bonded to three other atoms of carbon just standardized in the graphite structure, however, the atoms join to form both five-membered rings and six-membered rings. The chemical properties of fullerenes are fluid existence researched by scientists and they are also studied for potential medical use in the belief that they can be put into specific antibiotics to tail bacteria and cancer cells.Another allotrope of carbon is carbon nanotubes. They have a cylindrical or circular cylinder shape. The name nanotube comes from their size because they exclusively have a diameter of a few nanometers. They are made up of layers of graphite in the form of a cylinder and they are much closed at both ends(wikipedia). They exist as single or multi walled nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes have many properties that make them useful in many things. They are extremely strong, and they have special electrical properties. Theirunique electrical properties make them a very good conductor of heat. Nanotubes can be made in two ways. One is by mixing the soot of nanotubes of carbon in water and surfactant. The solution is rotated into a substance that is able to collect the nanotubes. then a liquid is injected to help the formation of the rectangular shape, which later rolls itself into a cylinder shape. The other way is to decompose methane with a catalyst.Carbon nanobuds are a newly discovered allotrope of carbon. They have fullerene like buds that are covalently attached to the outer walls of nanotubes. It is basically a combination of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. This is because nanobuds have a combination of the useful properties of both nanotubes and fullerenes. Carbon nanobuds are exceptionally good field emitters.Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon when it does not have any lucid structure. Some short range order can be seen but there is no long range pattern of atomic position. Amorphous carbon is used to describe the carbon materials found in soot and coal that is neither graphite nor diamond.Another allotrope of carbon is glassy carbon. Glassy carbon is a class of non-graphitizing carbon that is mostly used as an electrode material used in electrochemistry. It was first made by using cellulose but later it started being produced with a similar material phenolic resin. The making of glassy carbon is by taking organic precursors and exposing it to a series of heat treatments. Glassy carbon is impermeable to gases. The oxidation of certain glassy carbons in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor are much lower then of any other carbon. They are also h ighly resistant to acids.Lonsdaleite is a hexagonal allotrope of the carbon allotrope diamond. This allotrope is also known as hexagonal diamond. It is believed to be formed when meteoric graphite falls to the Earth. The great heat and stress of the impact causes it to turn into diamond however it retains the graphite hexagonal crystal lattice. Lonsdaleite has a transparent brownish discolour color. It has a hardness of 7-8 on Mohs hardness scale. The reason why ithas a lower hardness then diamond is because of the imperfections in the naturally occurring materials. Lonsdaleite can also be made by the thermal decomposition of a polymer at the atmospheric pressure under argon starting at 110 degrees Celsius.A final allotrope of carbon is carbon nanofoam. It consists of a low density cluster assembly of carbon atoms strung together to form a three dimensional web. Each cluster of carbons are about 6 nanometers wide and have about 4000 carbon atoms that are linked together in graphite like sheets that are given negative curvatures. This is because there are heptagons within the regular hexagonal pattern(saskschools). Carbon nanofoam is a poor conductor of electricity and they have many unpaired electrons. It is believed that the unpaired electrons are due to bonding defects.http//www.chemsoc.org/ExemplarChem/entries/2003/bristol_shanley/carbonallotropes/ http//www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/chem20/networks/allotrop.html http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon

Marketing Strategy of Viet Nam Toyota Inc

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION1 1. Overview Toyota motor mickle1 2. Overview Toyota motor Viet Nam2 3. Literature review2 4. Purpose of this investigate paper2 II. METHOD3 III. MATERIAL4 IV. RESULT5 1. Personal learning5 2. Research info6 V. REFERENCE 13 VI. addition15 * Questionn communicatee15 INTRODUCTION Toyota motor Corporation, abbreviated TMC, is a multinational travel manufacturers headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. The companionship was founded byKiichiro Toyodain 1937 as a spinoff fromhis fatherscompanyToyota Industriesto create automobiles.Toyota Motor Corporation(TMC) is the worlds bountifulst automobile manufacturers, change over 8. 4 one million million vehicles in 2010 on all(prenominal) five continents. Toyota today has 77 manufacturing companies in 27 countries and markets vehicles in more than 170 countries worldwide, supported by a consolidated workforce of approximately 320,000 people. A very efficient circumspection style that the company uses has been maven of the reasons for the firms good performance. There are some(prenominal) other salient factors that yield made the company achieve the niche of market leader. The market structure the company operates in crapper non be definitely stated.Some may consider it to be a monopoly. This is due to the fact that the company is a prevailing market player in car exportation. In fact, its differentiation dodge has made it enjoy an virtually monopolistic presence especially in the trailing nations of the world. On the other hand, the market structure can be conditionn as an oligopoly. This is due to the fact that there are other key players like GM who are peer competitors. Toyota is keen to see what these competitors are doing and put forward sure it reacts to their actions in a behavior that leave guarantee its market leadershipWith their consistency in innovating designs and over a billion dollars spent in advertisement a year, Toyota has become an attraction in t he eyes of many auto consumers worldwide. Toyota has built its written report not nevertheless by producing high fictitious character vehicles at affordable prices, but the brand and merchandise skills they use through tactful pricing strategies. Toyota has differentiated their prices from the traditional pricing set up of many of the other automobile makers. However, it is their effectiveness in targeting consumers needs and wants that has pushed them to the top.Toyota motor Viet Nam ( tobacco mosaic virus) was established on September 5,1995 ( decreed opening in October 1996 ) . In Viet Nam, Toyota is one of the most famous car brands, accounting for a large market share in the market, with many kinds of car that witness the needs of Vietnamese consumers. Joining the automobile market since its initial days, up to now, TMV has incessantly developed both in sales, carrefourion surpass and labor force. According to Forture magazines (Published global affair magazine). The k ey to success of Toyota corporations is not only style quality but also due to many reasons.One of the main reason for success of TMV is that they concentrate on marketing and promotion plan for their productions. This is a sound strategy that brings TMV to success. This psychoanalyse get out show the importance of marketing strategy of Viet Nam Toyota Inc. METHOD Our 5-year look for of Toyota Marketing Strategies in Viet Nam began in the summer of 2005 and ended in the fall of 2010. The subjects were selected from Toyota Ben Thanh, known as the best-selling and the largest federal agent of Toyota in southerly region. This research surveyed 100 people.The major subjects were sales representatives of the agent, staffs of the marketing de federal agencyment and nodes. In which, 30 sales representatives were chosen on the succeeding(a) criteria having good achievement in the agent and receiving good feedback from customers. 70 selected customers were those who had demand of bu y car and those who were the agents close customers or potential customers. The instrument employed in this account was consultations and survey (questionnaire). A set of 20 questions closely linked to the study was given to each subject. The interview with some random questions was based on subjects characteristics (e. . job, department, product evaluation, income, and so on. This survey took one hebdomad to get the feedback for evaluating and judgment. The questionnaire was also performed in online version under the help of Google Docs (https//docs. google. com/) and shared on social net profit Google+. All collected data was digitalized and statistics were made using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics software. MATERIAL Observations were made at customers shop at the Toyota Company in order to learn the consumers attentions on products and their final decisions.The opinions of customers were collected by questionnaire and interview. In the questionnaire, there are two ma in parts that are personal information section and research information section separated. The personal information part was designed to collect some private information of participants, particularly age, gender, and job. And the research information part which consisted of 20 research questions is divided into 4 main groups as follows Group 1 (question 1 to 3) was designed to collect some private information of participants. Besides, it is use to coiffure the customers demand and finance.From this we can find latent customers of the company. Group 2 (question 4 to 7) was to range how customers get information about the product of Toyota companies. And we can know the marketing method Toyota company has used that brings the most effective result Group 3 (question 7 to 12) aimed at the opinions of customers after using Toyota corporations products. It is not only used to assess the quality, services but also the attitude of the staff. Group 4 (question 13 to 20) was used to get the complain from the customers and what they expect to the products and service in the future.From this we can identify the way to develop the company. RESULT * Part 1 Personal information map 1 Gender Chart 1 indicates the participation of male and pistillate in shop through the Toyota formation. It shows that not only women who have shopping habit but also men took a significant part of using toyota products (male accounts for 63% and female accounts for 37%). Chart 2 Customers Besides, chart 2 displays the fortune of participants customers in shopping through the Toyota system in which business and piece staffs are accounted for a large percentage (45% of business and 37% of office staffs).Meanwhile, other job also accounted for a considerable portion (18%), in which include singer ,actor, footballer, etcetera * Part 2Research information Why do more consumers choose Toyota? The same reasons the critics do. Toyota leads the acquire in fuel efficiency, durability, popularit y and safety. Toyota is the most fuel-efficient full line automaker in America. Plus, Toyota is the arrive 1 selling brand of hybrids Toyota has more hybrids on the road than all other manufacturers combined. Moreover, Toyota has the greatest durability of any manufacturer.With the highest percentage of vehicles sold over the past 20 years still on the road among major manufacturers. And Toyota is the premier(prenominal) manufacturer to include Star Safety System features standard on all vehicles. Thats just part of the reason why Toyota has more vehicle listed on the top 10 of least expensive cars to discipline than any other brand. Otherwise,Toyotas received more 2010 JD Power & Associates Vehicle Dependability Awards than any other brand. Toyota has the largest number of vehicles on Cars. coms top 10 American Made Index.Seven Toyota vehicles have won IntelliChoices Best Overall appraise award for their segments. And Toyota is the highest-ranking auto company on Bloomberg Bus inessweeks 2010 list of the 50 Most Innovative Companies. Chart 3 displays the customers criteria of choosing Toyota products which was divided into four main elements benefit, price, companies temperament and quality. Over a half of them was preferred products quality (56. 25%) to price (21. 8%), companies reputation (12. 5%) and benefit (9. 37%). This finding shows that the consumers priority concern was products quality which conflicts with their experiences.Market Program This consists of the four marketing mix elements that are designed to fit the market in harm of their needs and ability to access such products and services. * Product Strategy The Company is believed to be moving with a strategy of mass production of which it has enabled it to sell widely in the global market. It has also included the strategy of hybrid product, where it can double the amount of production for the arising needs in the market. * Price Strategy The reputation of the Company has been developed by producing high quality vehicles that can be bought at a intelligent price.The Company has also been using tactful pricing strategies through price differentiation so that they are different from other automobile producers. * Location Strategy Being a global producer and supplier of Toyota automobiles and their components, Toyota Company has carriageed itself all over the world giving it a clear cut within the market. at heart three years to come, it is working towards the achievement of about 35 percent of the market share, and this exit make it to be best and top supplier of automobile products. * Promotion StrategyThe Company is determined to use a pricing mechanism that will give it a competitive edge over its main competitors. This is a mechanism that it is using to market itself so that it can get hold of market share that will see it better in achieving the highest level in the market. Marketing Implementation Analysis Toyotas main point will be in reaching the new ma rkets of China and Europe. It will also be touch about the competition from other firms like Ford and GM. An advantage the company has is the widely differentiated product range.Establishing new factories in these new markets as well as opening up new franchises will help the company in getting an ease of penetrating the new markets Human resource is one of the most important aspects in this plan. The company should always make sure they have highly propel staff as this is directly proportional to good production both in the qualitative and numeric aspects. Toyota can do this by coming up with schemes of rewarding their employees like helping them own cars subsidize rates. The company should also make sure the personnel are the best in terms of good know-how.The company needs to carry out frequent training towards this end. Tactical Marketing Activities Toyota has taken a bold step in being a leader in sustainable development. This position will need some innovations which tran slate to expenditure. They are however necessary as a way of staying out front of competition. The activities the company will embark on are given in chart 4 Chart 4 Tactical Marketing activities Specific Tactical Activities Person/DepartmentResponsible RequiredBudget millions of yen CompletionDate Product Activities1. Car air conditioning compressor2.DC-DC converters for fuel efficiency 3. Low Exhaust Emission Engine Production engineers and Product management 30. 45 2011 Pricing Activities1. red-hot Technologies2. Compression of Production platforms3. Merger of Assembly points Operations management 15. 25 2012 Distribution Activities1. Opening up of new factory in America and china2. Machine handling3. Logistical operations Logistics management 21. 40 2010 IMC (Promotion) Activities1. Concerts2. Volunteer3Youth Invention club Marketing manager 9. 20 2012 Implementation PlanThere are a number of activities that have been projected within a life span of three years and the follow ing representation shows the aspects that have been targeted and within what strategic period of time. Year To be Achieved New Targeted Markets (millions) Cumulative Targeted Markets (millions) nowadays (2010) Working towards hybrid products 250 250 1st Year (2011) Introduction of pricing mechanism and price differentiation strategies. 320 600 second Year (2012) Enhancing hybrid products by use of new technologies 370 970 3rd Year (2013) Product differentiation to meet the needs of the market 420 1320REFERENCE 1. Armstrong, G. , Kotler, P. (2002). Marketing an introduction (International edition). New Jersey Prentice Hall. Retrieved October 7, 2010 from http//www. pearsonhighered. com/educator/product/Marketing-An-Introduction-7E/9780131424104. page 2. Armstrong, G. , Kotler, P. (2003). Marketing an introduction. New Jersey Prentice Hall. Retrieved October 7, 2010 from http//html-pdf-converter. com/en/convert? u=search-pdf-books. com/philip-kotler,-and-gary-armstrong. -marketing -management. -prentice-hall,-2003-download-pdf-free-pdf/ 3. Chamberlin, P. (2009).Customer service accusation handling. New York The Gurdian. Retrieved October 7, 2010 from http//www. impactfactory. com/p/customer_service_skills_training_development/issues_936-2103-87287. html 4. Hiroshu O. (2003). Chairmans message. Retrieved September 30th 2010, from the Toyota company website. http//www. toyota. co. jp/en/ir/library/annual/pdf/2003/chairmans_message_e. pdf 5. Levitt, T. (1975). Marketing myopia. Harvard business review , 26-40. Retrieved October 7, 2010 from http//www. casadogalo. com/marketingmyopia. pdf 6. Johannes, G. , Bill, K. , Plenert. (2000).Finite capacity scheduling management selection and implementation. New York John wiley sons Inc. Retrieved October 7, 2010 from http//search. barnesandnoble. com/Finite-Capacity-Scheduling/Gerhard-Plenert/e/9780471352648 7. Porter, M. (1996). What is strayegy? Harvad business review , 61-69. Retrieved October 7, 2010 from http//ww w. ipocongress. ru/download/guide/article/what_is_strategy. pdf 8. Shaffer, J. (2003). Communicating for business results how to choose and execute communication projects that dramatically help company. Journal of employee communication management , 34-36. . Thomas, J. G. (2001). Business formulation long range and strategic management. Dublin Black Hall Publishers Ltd. Retrieved October 7, 2010 from http//books. google. co. ke/books? id=MiR2ls7Uyo8Cdq=Business+planningsource=gbs_navlinks_s APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE Name of the consumer ________________________________ Age ______ Sex _______ Address ______________________________________ City ________________ State ___________________ Zip _________________ Telephone ____________________ Fax ____________________________ netmail _________________________ 1.In what type of business, industry or profession do you work? ( cheer check one. ) 0 Agriculture/forestry/ turn 1 Data processing/computers 2 Finance/banking/insurance 3 Health care (medical, dental, etc. ) 4 Real estate 5 Wholesale trade 6 Retail trade 7 Other ______________ (please specify) 8 Communications/publishing/advertising 9 Education 10 Government/ customary administration 11 Manufacturing 12 Personal/business services (consultant, CPA, lawyer, etc. ) 13 Transportation/ exoteric utilities 2. What is your position? ( occupy check only one. ) 14 Chairman of the Board 15 Owner/Partner 6 Other Company Officer (V. P. , Treasurer, etc. ) 17 Manager 18 Scientist or Engineer 19 Sales 20 Clerical 21 Other _______________ (please specify) 22 President/CEO 23 handler 24 Department Head 25 Supervisor/Foreman 26 Other administrative position not mentioned 27 Technical Specialist 28 Retired 3. What is your total annual household income? (Include income from all family members and all sourcessalary, bonuses, investment income, rents, royalties, et 29 Less than $30,000 30 $40,000 $49,999 31 $60,000 $74,999 32 $100,000 $149,999 33 $250,000 $499,999 34 $1 million or more 4.How often do you see the advertisement of Toyota Corporation ? * Once in a day * More than 5 times * Not even once 5. Please state where you starting time heard about companies. * Infomercial ________Radio ad _______Newspaper ad _______ * Internet ________Sales agent ________Company rep ________ * A friend ________Family member ________Other (specify) ________ 6. Did the ad provide relevant information about the product? * Excellent * Very good * Not appealing at all 7. be the claims made in this advertisement believable? * Very believable * Not believable * Cant say 8. How is our customer service? Very good * Average * Poor 9. Does the marketing team act like professionals? * Yes * No 10. Please rate your satisfaction with the quality of our products. * Excellent * Very good * Average * Poor 11. Please rate your satisfaction with the delivery system of our products. * Excellent * Very good * Average * Poor 12. Please state the best aspects of our products ______________ ________________ 13. Please state the worst aspects of our products ______________________________ 14. List any other features that you would like to see in our services or products ______________________________